15/02/2012

Philips versus Matsushita: The Competitive Battle Continues – Strategic Analysis

Philips and Matsushita – Strategic Analysis

David Sugarman

Case Source: Harvard Business review – Philips versus Matsushita: The Competitive Battle Continues. by Christopher A. Bartlett . HBS Premier Case Collection. 20 pages. Publication date: Dec 11, 2009. Prod. #: 910410-PDF-ENG

Describes the development of the global strategies and organizations of two major competitors in the consumer electronics industry. Over four decades, both companies adapt their strategic intent and organizational capability to match and counter the competitive advantage of the other. The case shows how each is faced to restructure as its competitive advantage erodes.

Factors that pushed the leading company Philips consumer products are historically foresight prior assessments of the second World War, which included splitting off of and evaluations of the entire European continent company systems. This has created a competitive advantage in world class immediately after the war, because the independent factories were built in the target countries which adapted themselves to local markets and consumer preferences in terms of types of consumer culture Philips marketed the products.

Capabilities uniqueness of Phillips resulted capabilities Financial management and planning of the headquarters, the concentration of R & D on the other hand providing flexible capabilities, innovation and creativity in terms of marketing the products in target markets. As well as the company's research was characterized as applied research connected to the product group through financing cross and while maintaining the affinity for the target markets different. the management structure in common – Technical – Commercial possible decision-making process optimized taking into account technical aspects, financial and marketing headquarters to the boards of junior local. And finally, unlike its competitors, the early 20th century specialized Phillips capability building sales are international.

Company main limitations are:

1. Decentralized company structure. This structure can be almost complete independence with regard to subsidiaries manufacture and sales activities.Structure has an advantage in terms of proximity to the area and the ability of survival (such as Mlh"ha the two) and a disadvantage in terms of control of the parent company and the transfer of Board Decisions and strategic changes.

2. At Phillips was a strategy of local production. Was that the advantage of flexibility to local market but lack any related economies of scale such as this was Lmtzosita. In addition, with regard to valuation of the company as a whole, corporate structure consisting of units of a many independent is not possible to Philips to create strategic moves worldwide such as marketing and standardization of world class products.

3. Look inside social which was a limiting factor was Employee participation in the profits of the company, this will have an impact and financial limitation which was taken over many years. Matsushita's move and bypassing market leadership Philips done by focusing on economies of scale, so by concentrating production in creating cheap little product costs, thereby increasing the attractiveness of products. Also creating a very extensive product offer (5000 products Sony Lmtzosita vs. 80). In addition, Matsushita was in the D – constant internal organization which is generally characterized by increased efficiency in some cases increasing decentralization (marketing and sales) on the one hand and increasing the concentration of the other (administrative). Matsushita took care products for the high quality product while creating low market price and especially the standardization of products. Matsushita's capabilities are characterized by:

1. Production capabilities (centralized production, low price) and creating economies of scale.

2. Control of global marketing

3. Copying technology capability and bring it to market quickly in a short time but also in manufacturing and technology innovation.

Matsushita's limitations:

a. Centralized strategy has prevented the expansion of sales and marketing.

b. Subsidiaries lacked innovation capabilities mainly due to the limited independence.

c. Lack of adaptability of products to local markets due to administrative centralization. Four. General production surplus and lack of innovation in the departments of R & D. Increasing development teams outside of Japan did not solve this problem.

Philips took the same operational efficiency while Matsushita Lmtzosita sought to innovation as the Philips subsidiaries. Phillips: The purpose of Philips changes were increasing the profitability beyond 1-2 percent.The measure was increasing administrative centralization, reducing products, building economies of scale in production and increasing operational efficiency and logistical.Implementing the changes would involve many difficulties despite repeated attempts of closing factories, consolidating departments and concentrating production of standardized products.Desired result is not reached and Philips remains with fewer profit margins very close to bankruptcy in the 90's. The massive task of re – organization (layoffs, reduction plants, the sale of inefficient units and focus on marketing) of two CEOs in the 90's formed the basis for possible change in product strategy and growth of mid-2000.

Matsushita: The purpose of Matsushita Corporation of changes to the 90 was an imitation of Phillips capabilities in terms of the creativity of their subsidiaries, decentralization of sales and marketing and allowing a degree of changes in the products to fit different markets.Implementing the goals of Matsushita in two main ways. One concentration and administration staff bodies to create an administrative avenue lean and efficient, and concentration of production centers and the expansion of production capabilities for enterprise. On the other hand expansion and decentralization of power and authority of sales and marketing agencies.The result was the continued growth and increasing sales and the company's cash to purchase capabilities of giant American companies (MCA). The financial crisis of the 90 Japan dealt the cards of the robust growth of Matsushita. Moreover headquarters was not committed enough to match the look of the general financial situation in Japan. However, changes in the new company's management strategy early in 2000 such as decentralization down and focusing on the needs of various markets and increasing the flexibility and the company's response in terms of matching services and products allowed the company to rise back in terms of sales and profit.

Our offer two CEOs is merging the two groups one international company large (such as the merger of Sony and Ericsson). Merger will also create an advantage on the one hand in terms of scale, such as manufacturing abilities and efficiency of operations and logistics (the advantages of Matsushita) and other capabilities technology innovation and flexibility in reading the local markets and adjustment products and services to local markets (Phillips) and a massive global presence together. union membership will allow one reducing equivalent products or the creation of brands at different levels and on the other hand general enlargement of the basket of products and services.

13/02/2012

Corning Incorporated a Network of Alliances

Brief analysis of Harvard Business School case: Corning Incorporated a Network of Alliances (8/12/1992)

Source: Harvard Business School. Corning, Inc.: A Network of Alliances. by Christopher A. Bartlett, Ashish Nanda. 26 pages. Publication date: Nov 16, 1990. Prod. #: 391102-PDF-ENG.

Describes James Houghton's actions in assuming the role of CEO at Corning in the midst of a recession. Not only must he turn around operating performance, he must also revitalize a demoralized organization and set a new, clear strategic direction. In doing so, the case focuses on the changing role of alliances and partnerships in Corning operations. Increasingly, they are moving from a peripheral role in providing market access interchange for technology, to a more central role at the core of Corning's business. The strategic and organizational challenges this presents are highlighted through some specific decision issues facing Houghton.

http://hbr.org/product/corning-inc-a-network-of-alliances/an/391102-PDF-ENG

Benefits and drawbacks of creating a strategic alliance

Benefits -

Use of complementary resources and capabilities are complementary and thus achieve objectives that without the U.S. not have been possible.
Efficient use of capital, achieving a high ROI and efficient.
Reducing the risks
Entry into new markets
A variety of horizontal

Cons

Decentralization of control, lack of business focus
Dependence on allies and exposure to harm their business, not necessarily in business together. - Such as currency fluctuations, credit rating and so on.

b. Adequacy of Corning's strategy for partnerships

One

Corning suffered from lack of compliance with business goals resulting from operational efficiencies and lower ability to translate internal innovation capability market successful products. Therefore turned to Corning's strategy partnerships to achieve their business goals.Corning has developed a process of recognition capabilities of potential partners and markets complementary technologies required.
Also, has developed a distributed management capability that enabled business partners conduct a separate business unit. Corning evolved over time organizational skills, managerial, and operational management of business partnerships which enabled Corning to achieve a unique expertise in this field. One criteria for choosing partners could partner to make a quick entry to market.

This is the means by which they have executed the strategic plan. When considering the appropriateness of Houghton’s use of partnerships as a means of achieving his strategy, we must first understand the strategy: Moving the company away from its past activities toward technology-intensive, yet market focused businesses. Considering this “vision” we can evaluate the appropriateness of alliances for achieving this goal according to your cost-benefit outline above.

It is probably fair to say that alliances are appropriate means for corning to access specialized resources quickly in markets in which the company does not have much prior experience.

Two.

Each senior manager had responsibility for Corning's business success of partnerships. This has created Immediately the problem of lack of adequacy between responsibility and authority. Therefore, senior managers were required to create personal trust and indirect influencing skills to achieve their goals. the CEO created a relocation of the senior management of the Group to the Partnership and back, and thus formed a good understanding of the management team at the partnerships. In addition, he expanded his managerial responsibility in areas such as operations and sales, even if responsibilities were beyond the authority of management. This To create a wider collaboration between managers and improve results.
Corning's operating system required managers with a high capacity for teamwork and flexible management capability And broad skills, and ability to influence Mtritzionit. Portfolio managers to meet the needs of these small. The Group's management ability to quickly change strategy that will affect the activity is very limited partnerships holding structure and light structure and light partnerships decentralized corporate culture.

Three.

Proposal No. 1

There is reason to continue the partnership with Gage. he failed in creating partnerships and yet decided to establish a new partnership. This indicates a strong commitment to the success of the partnership. There is also a good strategic fit between the goals of reason gage and Corning in the medical diagnostics and so it seems that the two companies will work to the success of the partnership.In addition, there is a match and complement Corning's abilities in production and marketing and biological research capabilities of reason gage. This supplement greatly enhances the partnership's chances of success.
The acquisition of companies in the laboratories will not achieve significant market presence with a significant growth capability.

Medical diagnostics is an attractive industry, but is Corning playing a major role there? Is this part of their core business? Consider their relative R&D investment? Corning will probably have to invest immensely to become a dominant player so they may be better off divesting as long as the business is valued by Ciba.

Proposal No. 2
Our opinion on Corning to the IBM as a strategic partner to the PCO which will enable the rapid development of technology and IBM will help to improve its position in the peripherals. However, consider that Corning may find itself out of this partnership in the future following the IBM takeover.
Fiber optic business growing at a high rate (see displayed 12), and therefore should Corning expand its investments in this area. Expanding its fiber optic market, leveraging sales and marketing capabilities of IBM peripherals market, and strong synergy between the peripheral business will enable Corning optical fibers have it all.

Proposal No. 3
In our opinion there is to sell 49 percent of Corning's TV business for $ 100 million and invest the money in the development of LCD screens. This is because LCD screens are expected to be in demand in TVs and computers because they are lighter and occupy less space and consume less energy.
However, the TV market has developed high competition caused reduced prices and making the products are commonly used (commodity).
Glass TV market, Asahi are a major player in the market and Corning are a secondary factor (see displayed 13), and therefore no Corning's market advantage and should concentrate on new technology.
Corning will hold when the LCD technology, strategic partnership with Asahi allow quick entry and broad global market through the marketing channels of Asahi, in accordance with the prescribed strategy and presented the question No. 1.

12/02/2012

Enterprise Resource Planning for Small and Medium Businesses

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) for Small and Medium Businesses (SMB)

By David Sugarman, 2008

A new way to manage your company`s data

The Need

1. An ERP software allows businesses to improve their margins and competitiveness by automating internal processes and improving visibility into business operations

2. Most common ERP solutions are not cost-effective for SMB. Even the latest Oracle-easy application aims at target markets of $15-30M annual revenue at a sale cost of more than $130K per system

3. Many SMBs are deprived of an ERP solution due to cost and complexity of installation and use.

The Solution

1. An ERP-CRM-BI solution based on MS Excel

2. Computerize, link and manage business activities and processes such as customer service, logistics, sales and finance

3. Integration and standardization of data (single source)

4. Standardization of work flow and processes

5. Reports (management, operations, sales, finance)

6. Fully mirrored data scheme

Market Background

1. Worldwide ERP market is estimated at $20-25B.

2. Israeli market is estimated at $400M.

3. SMB segment is under focus by ERP providers as market of substantial growth with respect to ERP market demand (5-10% annually)

4. ERP for SMB in Europe is currently estimated at $4-6B

Target Market

1. SMB in Israel (later international). Business of up to $10M annual revenue

2. Non-manufacturing retail and services market segments

3. Hebrew, Arabic, English and French oriented

4. Accounting firms

Business Models

Business Model Type / Particulars	Direct Sales	Subscription	Value Added Resellers (VARs)	Services organizations
Target customers	High end of SMB	Small and Medium businesses	Business partners and distributors	Service providers
Revenue stream	Transaction based	Ongoing	Transaction based	Transaction based
What is to provide	Unlimited time licenses	Duration based licenses	Unlimited time licenses	Unlimited time licenses
Business relationship with customer	Tight, transaction based	Tight and ongoing	Tight and ongoing	Tight and ongoing
Payment method	Regular	Internet	Regular	Regular
Unit price ($)	20K	800 per month	5K	10K

Technology

1. ERP system based on MS Excel. Incorporates algorithms, and frequently used business processes of various business types.

2. Main Modules:

3. Warehouse

4. Customer Service

5. Technical Support

6. Sales

7. Management

8. Finance

Competition – Giants

	SAP	Oracle	Microsoft
Description	The leader in SMB ERP with an all-in-one ERP solution	Based on Oracle’s Accelerate, offers more than 20,000 possible solutions	The leader in SMB Middleware
Business Model	Strong solutions-centric ecosystem through its PartnerEdge program	New pricing models, solutions catalogs, collaborative campaigns, referral fees, and partner loyalty program	Relies on partners to deliver sales, implementations, and additional micro-industry functionality
Recent Investments	Acquisition of TopManage Financial Systems	Acquisition of PeopleSoft, JD Edwards	Acquisition of Great Plains and Navision
Weakest Vertical Market	Healthcare	Healthcare	No information was available
Total SMB revenues for 2006 (US$ in millions)	$2,563	$2,328	$989

Competition – Smaller Vendors

Excluding SAP, Oracle, Microsoft

Company	SMB Revenues (US$ millions) in 2006
Intuit	$2,198
Infor	$2,075
The Sage Group	$1,873
Lawson	$664
Epicor	$384
IFS	$327
Exact Software	$304
Agresso	$298
Others (total)	$1,327

Differentiation

1. Cost effective ERP solution for the SMB market

2. Entry barriers – built-in comprehensive framework with many ready-to-use designated functions for the SMB market

3. Intellectual property registration in process

4. Main advantages

5. Built on top of MS Excel. No need for heavy-weight HW/SW infrastructure and tools

6. No need for dedicated IT personnel support

7. Easy to integrate into the company’s IT processes

8. Ease of use – leveraging the simplification of MS Excel

9. Solution simplification enables diverse revenue streams

10. Significantly lower total cost of ownership – starting at 5K$ per installation plus 800$ per seat

Status

1. First system in production since 2006 in a virtual private operator cellular company in Mali

2. Two pilot systems are planned to be implemented in a medical device sales company and a media publishing company

3. Plan to raise seed money of $1.5M

12/02/2012

investigation into the water quality of “Castle” beer and its main water source

Abstract

This report covers an investigation into the water quality of “Castle” beer and its main water source. Chemical analyses were performed on water collected from the Newlands water stream and on a “Castle” beer sample taken from the SAB breweries in Newlands. The Newlands stream is the main source of water for the manufacture of “Castle “ beer.

It is important that the chemical composition of water is of an adequate condition for use by consumers. The domestic water quality standards that are presented in the literature vary in the standards suggested for the different elements and compounds. For example, the South African standards for domestic water use (1995) are different from other international standards such as the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the European Community (EU). Elements such as iron, manganese, and chromium appear in the above guides in different permitted levels. For example, the level of iron permitted by the South African standards is <500 ppm, whereas the EU permitted level is only <200 ppm.

The analysed samples vary considerably in their chemical characteristics. The water stream has a neutral pH (6.86) whereas the beer is acidic (4.25). The water has a much lower EC (174 mS/cm) than the beer (1212 mS/cm). The amount of total dissolved solids (TDS) in the beer (776 mg/L) is considerably greater than that of the water stream (111 mg/L).

The reason for the different chemical nature of the two samples lies with the process of beer production. In this process, a considerable amount of salt, in different forms (sulphates, phosphates, chlorides) and metals are added as a means of improving flavour and odour. The writer suggests that the chemical speciation of the water is under a marine influence due to the dominance of sodium chloride in the water.

The determination of elements in the solution of beer reveals concentration levels that are above the guidelines suggested by the department of Water Affairs (1995) for industrial manufacturing of beverages. The following elements were found to exceed these guidelines: potassium, calcium, magnesium as major ions as well as trace elements such as aluminium, chromium, iron, manganese and zinc.

Performing a chemical speciation analysis for a hypothetical (yet, a reasonable) scenario for the water and the beer reveals that salinisation of the water can greatly affect the water quality and change the mineralogical and chemical speciation. However, It may still be adequate for the production of beer. A drop in the pH level during the process of beer manufacture may lead to a change in the chemical and mineralogical speciation as well. However, this change should be evaluated by means of food technology and not geochemistry.

Table of contents

Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………

List of figures…………………………………………………………………………………………..IV

List of tables……………………………………………………………………………………………IV

1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..1

1.1. Background to investigation…………………………………………………………. 1

1.2. Objectives of this report………………………………………………………………..1

1.3 Procedures used to evaluate the geochemical nature of the samples…1

1.3.1. Domestic water quality…………………………………………………………2

1.3.2. Commercial water quality……………………………………………………..2

2. Sampling and analytical methods…………………………………………..3

2.1. Water sample locality……………………………………………………………………3

2.2. Beer sample locality……………………………………………………………………..3

2.3. Analytical methods……………………………………………………………………….3

2.3.1. Chemical analysis……………………………………………………………… 3

2.3.2. MinteqA2 reaction path modelling…………………………………………..5

3. Analysis results……………………………………………………………………..6

3.1. pH determination………………………………………………………………………….6

3.2. Electrical conductivity (EC) ……………………………………………………………6

3.3. Alkalinity determination………………………………………………………………… 6

3.4. Ion chromatography (IC) analysis………………………………………………….. 6

3.5. Charge balance……………………………………………………………………………8

3.6. Silica determination………………………………………………………………………9

3.7. Phosphate determination……………………………………………………………… 9

3.8. Fluoride determination…………………………………………………………………..9

3.9. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) determination………………………………..9

3.10. Ion coupled plasma – mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) determination…….9

3.11. MinteqA2 reaction path modelling…………………………………………………10

Page

4. Discussion…………………………………………………………………………….13

4.1. Water analysis…………………………………………………………………………….13

4.2. Beer analysis………………………………………………………………………………15

4.3. MinteqA2 hypothetical scenario……………………………………………………. 18

4.3.1. Water salinisation……………………………………………………………… 18

4.3.2. Beer acidification………………………………………………………………. 19

5. Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………. 21

5.1. Newlands water spring sample………………………………………………………21

5.2. Mediating process………………………………………………………………………. 21

5.3. “Castle” beer sample……………………………………………………………………21

6. Reference…………………………………………………………………………….. 22

7. Appendix A: Analytical methods…………………………………………… 23

7.1. Determination of electrical conductivity (EC)………………………………….. 23

7.2. Determination of pH values…………………………………………………………..23

7.3. Determination of alkalinity…………………………………………………………….23

7.4. Cation and anion measurements using Ion chromatography (IC)……… 24

7.5. Determination of phosphorus – P – concentration……………………………25

7.6. Determination of fluoride – F – concentration…………………………………. 25

7.7. Determination of silica – Si – concentration……………………………………. 26

7.8. Inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometer (ICP-MS)………………26

7.9. Determination of dissolved organic carbon (DOC)……………………………27

7.10. MinteqA2 reaction path modelling………………………………………………..27

8. Appendix B: group results……………………………………………………..28

8.1. Results……………………………………………………………………………………….28

8.2. Interpretation and discussion…………………………………………………………28

List of tables

Page

Table I Chemical parameters and constituents……………………………………………………….. 7

Table II Distribution of water components among dissolved and adsorbed species………. 10

Table III Saturation indices of the water stream sample……………………………………………… 11

Table IV Distribution of beer components among dissolved and adsorbed species………… 11

Table V Saturation indices of the beer ……………………………………………………………………. 12

Table VI a comparison of the Newlands water spring during the summer of1997/8………… 14

Table VII Constituents that contribute to problems in an industrial process…………………….. 16

Table VIII Limiting & average levels of factors influencing the quality of beer ………………….. 17

Table IX Distribution of water components among dissolved and adsorbed species……….. 19

Table X Distribution of beer components among dissolved and adsorbed species…………. 20

Table XI Alkalinity calculations for water stream sample……………………………………………… 24

Table XII Group results…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 25

List of figures

Figure 1 Ion Chromatography analysis – ion detection in the water stream sample…………. 8

Figure 2 Alkalinity determination using Gran titration………………………………………………….. 23

Figure 3 Phosphate determination in the water stream sample……………………………………. 25

Figure 4 Silica determination of the water stream sample…………………………………………… 26

Figure 5 SAR interpretation of the group results ……………………………………………………….. 28

Introduction

his report describes the geochemical analysis of “Castle” beer in comparison with its major water source – the Newlands water stream.

1.1. Background to investigation

The decision to conduct this analysis arose from in the aqueous geochemistry module studied at UCT. Each student was to conduct a thorough water analysis and a comparison between two water samples that were geochemically connected. Comparing a beverage to its water source was suggested and acted upon.

1.2. Objectives of this report

The objectives of this report therefore are to:¨ Describe the chemical composition of the water source and the beer.¨ Evaluate the probable reasons for the change in the chemical composition and to discuss the chemical characteristics (Surroundings, processes, speciation, possible reactions) of the water and beer samples. ¨ Compare it to the permitted levels by the South African Water Affairs standards (1995).

1.3. Procedures used to evaluate the geochemical nature of the samples

Beer is a common beverage. As with many other beverages, we have a tendency not to question the quality of the substance: just the quality of the taste. However, it is important from time to time to pause and examine the ingredients of an artificial drink.

It is a common practice to add salts such as phosphates, sulphates, chloride and even iron to the beer as a measure of flavour control. Therefore, high amounts of dissolved solids and organic matter can be expected in the beer, as well as a variety of pH levels.

There are many beers available on the South African market. Some imported and some local. For the purpose of this water test, a very common beer is tested.

The beer chosen for this intensive water quality testing process is “Castle” lager, manufactured by the South African Breweries in Newlands, Cape Town. In addition, a water sample was taken from the water stream that provides 80% of the water used for the manufacture of “Castle” beer and some other beverages (S. Wade. Personal Communication, 1998).

The different categories in the water quality are of great importance. In this paper two major influencing factors will be reviewed in the light of some of these categories:

¨ Water quality for domestic use.

¨ Standards required for commercial use.

1.3.1. Domestic water quality

In the common view of water quality for domestic use it is important that the water composition will be of an adequate condition for the use of the consumers. The domestic water quality standards that are presented in the literature vary in the standards suggested for the different elements and compounds, and vary in the elaboration of these elements and compounds. For example: the South African standards for domestic water use (1995) are incomplete. Furthermore, they are different from other international standards such as the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the European Community (EU). Elements such as iron, manganese, and chromium appear in the above guides in different permitted levels. The level of

iron permitted by the South African standards is <500 ppm, whereas the EU permitted level is only <200 ppm.

1.3.2. Commercial water quality

In the case of beer making, traditionally the type of water available to a brewery determined the kind of beer produced. It will be shown that organic matter and some inorganic ions have a profound effect on the beer during its manufacture and consequently on its chemical evaluation. This is of special important when a beer sample is compared with required standards.

The beer is not evaluated in the light of food technology, but through a geochemical perspective. This report should be read and evaluated from this geochemical point of view.

2. Sampling and analytical methods

The samples to be analysed were provided to the writer by the Food Technologist of SAB Breweries in Newlands. The samples consist of two water bottles and a six-pack of “Castle” beer bottles.

2.1. Water sample locality

SAB breweries are using two water sources for the making of beer. The first is the Newlands spring and the second is Kommetjie spring, both located in Newlands, Cape Town. They donate 80% and 20 % of the water, respectively.

The water samples were taken from the Newlands spring. They consisted of two water bottles of ½ a liter each.

2.2. Beer sample locality

The beers were taken from the ordinary stock to be shipped out, and therefore were not selected especially beforehand.

All samples were stored in a refrigerator at "16^Bc.

Most of the chemical analysis procedures described here were performed within the Department of Geological sciences at the University of Cape Town. Further details of the analytical procedures, including discussion of the precision and accuracy associated with the various techniques, are provided in Appendix A.

The beer sample will be referred hereafter as the “beer” and the water stream sample as the “water”.

2.3. Analytical methods

2.3.1. Chemical analysis

The water and beer samples were initially analysed for pH (appendix A 7.2) and electrical conductivity (EC) using automated pH and EC (appendix A 7.1) meters respectively. The total dissolved solids (TDS) was calculated according to the following equation:

TDS (mg/L) = EC (mS/cm) * 640.

Alkalinity (HCO₃ mg/L) was determined via a method of Gran titration (appendix A 7.3), by which a sample was titrated by HCl to pH 4 and than gradually by 0.2 increments to pH 3.2. The alkalinity was determined from the equivalent point (i.e. to neutralise all alkalinity).

A portion (100ml) of the samples was filtered using 0.45 mm Millipore filters prior to their analysis for their various constituents. The majority of the cations (K, Na, Ca, Mg, NH₄, Mn & Li) and anions (Cl, F, NOx, PO₄, SO₄ & Br), were obtained using Ion Chromatography- IC (Appendix A 7.4).

Phosphorus concentration was determined using the phosphomolybdate colorimetric method (Appendix A 7.5).

Silica concentrations were measured using the heteropoly blue colorimetric method (Appendix A 7.7). The silicon ion analysis is of the soluble form, with no reference to monomers and colloids.

The Fluoride ion was determined by means of Specific ion electrode (Appendix A 7.6). The analytical range is between 0.1 to 10mg/L. It is agreed (Fey, personal communication, 1998) that any result having a level above 30mV has a fluoride level less than 1 mg/L (Fey, Personal Communication, 1998).

Trace elements were quantitatively determined by Ioned Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometer, ICP-MS. (appendix A 7.8). The results consist only of the positive oxidation states (all of them together) of the detected element.

A filtered sample (0.45 mm) was run through the system to produce a set of trace element output. It is important to bear in mind that some interference exists and affects the resulting interpretation. For example a spectral ion effect of the argon ion (Ar⁺, Ar²⁺) influences the iron display. This happens by creating a larger concentration display than the genuine concentration.

Different isotopes present in the solution may have isobaric effects on the outcome of some species, since some isotopes have the same mass as a different element (⁵⁴Fe⁺ º ⁴⁰Ar ¹⁴N⁺).

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was analysed at the CSIR laboratories in Stellenbosch. The method that was used is the Persulphate-Ultraviolet Oxidation method.

The samples to be analysed are filtered through a 0.45 mm Millipore filter membrane to

remove suspended solids. Thus, some of the organic carbon present in the dissolved organic matter will not be calculated due to its being filtered out.

Organic carbon is oxidised to carbon dioxide, CO₂, by persulphate in the presence of ultraviolet light. Then it is reduced to methane and measured by flame ionisation detector, or by a chemical titration. The minimum detection level is 0.05 mg/L of organic carbon.

Determination of dissolved organic matter (DOM) can be calculated from the following equation (standard methods, 1989):

DOM (mg/L) = [DOC (mg C/L)*2)(5*10^-4).

This method of determining DOM was suggested by Nowicki.T.(unpublished Ph.D. thesis, UCT, 1997). Yet, it has a limitation. In pH levels beneath 5 it is not sufficient, and a broader analysis should be carried out (Nowicki.T. 1997). Therefore, for the beer sample the DOM was determined by this method, even though it does not seem to be the best possibility for DOM determination.

Quantitative analysis of the different ions present in the solution by IC and ICP methods does not include all the elements present in the solution, the reason being the presence of organic matter. The DOM has a high surface area and a considerable ability to bind cations.

Part of the DOM is filtered out through a 0.45 mm filter. Thus, it may happen that a significant amount of cations (in respect with total ionic

concentration) will be filtered out together with the DOM and will not be present in the overall analysis of the ion characterisation of the solution.

Inevitably, it will cause a further miscalculation of the charge balance (likely to have an excess of anions), and when running computerised simulation modules for reaction path modelling, such as MinteqA2, it will produce an inaccurate report of the solution’s chemical and mineralogical nature of the solution.

Therefore in order to be able to calculate a reasonable overall charge balance and run the MinteqA2 reaction path model, it was assumed that the concentration of the DOM is not the one calculated, but a smaller portion. This portion of DOM is the amount that will balance the excess of cations calculated from the IC and ICP-MS analysis.

2.3.2. MinteqA2 reaction path modelling

The main calculations that the minteqA2 reaction path model can do are:

¨ Total charge balance.

¨ Distribution of the elements in a solution.

¨ Saturation indices.

The program was run for each sample (water, beer), in two different modes. The first, is a standard mode in which no precipitation occurs. In the second mode, the precipitation of oversaturated species is allowed.

The concentration of the elements that were chosen for the purpose of running the model were taken from the IC, ICP-MS and the different colorimetrical methods that were conducted. The silicon concentration was taken from the ICP-MS determination. The fluoride levels were taken from the colorimetric determination method. The water phosphate level was taken from the colorimetric determination.

A hypothetical scenario was run through minteq to examine possible chemical changes in the aqueous phases of the beer and the water. The water sample was tested for a possible excess of sulphates in the chemical composition. The beer was examined for changes in the pH values.

3. Analysis Results

3.1. pH determination

The pH values of the water and the beer samples were 6.86 and 4.25 respectively.

3.2. Electrical conductivity (EC)

The EC of the water was 175 mS/cm, whereas the beer had 1212 mS/cm.

The total dissolved solids (TDS) levels were determined from the EC levels, and are therefore 776 mg/L for the beer and 111 mg/L for the water stream sample.

3.3. Alkalinity Determination

Alkalinity determination yielded the following results for the water sample: 9.7 10^-6 mg/l of HCO₃^-.

As for the beer sample, at pH levels below 5 it is possible to assume (Fey, Personal Communication, 1998) that the level of alkalinity is very low and therefore can be considered as 0.

3.4. Ion Chromatography (IC) analysis

The Ion Chromatography analysis results are presented in Table no 1 (page 3).

The water sample analysis indicates that the major cations in the solution are sodium (16.3 mg/L) and calcium (13.3 mg/L). Smaller amounts of Potassium and Magnesium were also detected.

Lithium was detected as well, but in a trace quantity. In addition, the lithium level detected by the IC method contradicts the level detected by the ICP-MS method (1.5 ppb). It is clear that the 400-fold difference is a significant one. In this paper, for the purpose of further data interpretation, such as MinteqA2 modelling, the level detected by the ICP-MS is the concentration chosen to be related to.

Anion analysis resulted in two anions: chlorine, as a major anion (35 mg/L) and sulphate (5.8 mg/L). A trace quantity of fluoride was detected as well. For the purpose of this paper the fluoride level will be regarded as less than 1 mg/L. That complies with further findings of fluoride concentration done by colorimatry methods.

It is apparent that sodium and chlorine are the major ions in the water. It should be noted that the environment in which the water source escapes from the soil, and the geological background, are closely related (physically, and perhaps chemically) to the nearby Atlantic Ocean. The ocean is known to have high levels of sodium-chloride (30 g/Kg water) in its waters, and in the atmosphere (Drever, 1997).

Next to be analysed by the IC is the “Castle” beer. The results are presented in Table 1 (page 7). The outcome of the beer analysis is more complex than that of its water source.

The anions observed are chlorine, sulphate, nitrate and phosphate, which is the major anion

Table I
Chemical parameters and constituents

Sample	Beer	Water Stream	Industry (category2)	Aquatic eco-systems	Domestic water
Chemical parameters
pH	4.25	6.86			>6
*EC (*mS/cm)	1212	174
*TDS g/L*	77.6	11.1			<300
*Alkalinity (mg CaCO₃)*	0	9.7*10^-⁶	0-120
Chemical Constituents
*By Ion Chromatography:*	mg/l	mg/l	mg/l	mg/l	mg/l
*Sodium Na⁺*	12.2	16.3			<200
*Potassium K⁺*	331	1.42			<50
Lithium Li⁺	6.12	0.6
*Ammonium NH₄⁺*	16.7	Bdl
*Calcium Ca²⁺*	124	13.3		<5*10^-5	<32
*Magnesium Mg²⁺*	127	2			<70
*Chloride Cl* ^-	128	35	0-400	<0.012	<600
*Fluoride Fl* ^-	Less than 1	Less than 1		<0.05	<0.75
*Nitrate NO₃*^-	6.4	Bdl		<0.5	<10
*Phosphate PO₄*	496	Bdl		<0.005
*Sulphate SO₄*	188	5.8	0-80		<200
*By Colorimatry / Electrode*
*Phosphate PO₄*	n/a	1.25		<0.005
*Fluoride Fl* ^-	68.3	1		<0.05	<0.75
*Silicon Si*	n/a	24.3	0-20
*DOC (mg C / L)*	33040	2.7			<5
*By ICP-MS*	ppb	ppb	ppb	ppb	ppb
*Lithium Li*	1.6	1.5		2+
*Aluminium Al*	739	3.82		<0.5	<500 (EU-200)
*Silicon Si*	19722	2955	0-20000
*Chromium Cr*	622	1.74			*Cr ⁺⁶ – <10 *<50 (EU,WHO)
*Iron Fe*	691	61.5	0-200	10% of background dissolved concentration	<500 <200 (EU)
*Manganese Mn*	115	16.9	0-100	<180	<5 (EU-50)
*Nickel Ni*	5.71	2.48			20 (EU,WHO)
*Copper Cu*	45.8	4.16			2000 (EU,WHO)
*Zinc Zn*	17.5	23.4		<2	<10
*Arsenic As*	9.74	0.3		10	<10
*Selenium Se*	5.52	0.9		<2	<20
*Molybdenum Mo*	7.48	0.56			<70 (WHO)
*Cadmium Cd*	0.75	0.16		<0.07	<5
*Barium Ba*	28.3	7.37			700 (WHO)
*Thallium Tl*	0.04	0
*Lead Pb*	2.46	0.84		<0.2	<10
*Thorium Th*	0.18	0			<228
*Uranium U*	0.06	0			<70

present (496 mg/L). The fluoride ion was detected by the IC as well, but for reasons discussed later it is not considered to be a correct finding. It can be noticed in figure 1 that the base-line flow in the anion analysis is of an irregular nature.

Figure1: IC ion detection in the water

As seen in Figure 1, the base-line does not flow in a straight line. The base-line descents at the beginning (anticipated) and than ascending along and under the fluoride and chloride and ending after the nitrite peak. It is an unwanted phenomenon that interfered with the proper evaluation of the results. For example, the fluoride does not have a clear straight base-line and in addition has a double peak.

Its concentration outcome suggests a level of 68 mg/L. It is a level which is 100 fold greater than the level permitted (0.75 mg/L) by the South African water quality guidelines (1995).

The beer, by its nature, consists of organic acids such as oxalate and acetate. The time sequence in which some of these acids appear in the IC analysis is worthy of note, since they overlap with some of the anions that are analysed by the IC. An overlap, or a considerable background “noise” can cause an element to appear in greater concentration than its original level.

The cation analysis of the beer presents six elements: potassium, magnesium, calcium, ammonium, sodium and lithium. The first ion has the most significant presence of all (K - 331 mg/L) The second and third, were medium in their presence (127 mg/L Mg, 123 mg/L Ca). The last three elements are present in small concentrations (<20 mg/L). The lithium level shows, in a similar manner to the water analysis, a contradictory result with other methods of analysis (ICP-MS). And, as with the water analysis, the lithium level in the beer is taken from the ICP-MS results.

3.5. Charge Balance

The charge balance is presented in Table 1. The charge balance was computed with the fraction of the DOM to balance it (i.e. topping up the anions with the DOM to create a reasonably balanced solution). It is widely accepted that a solution with an excess of anion/cation of less than 5% can be considered as a balanced solution (with respect to the ionic charge). Calculating the charge balance without the DOM has produced the following results:

In the water an excess of cations -17.7%- was evident, whereas the beer had a cation excess of only 8%. The percentage of organic carbon in the water as part of the total anions is 3.8%, whereas the percentage of the organic carbon in the beer is 60% greater - 6.1% of organic carbon.

3.6. Silica determination by heteropoly blue colorimetric method

The Silicon results are presented in Table 1 (page 7).

Beer: using this method caused precipitation. The precipitated form is suggested to be Molybdenum-meta-phosphate [(NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂ 4(H₂O)]. Therefore no silicon could be determined in the beer using this method.

As for the water, the calculated silica concentration was of 24.3 mg/L. This is in contradiction with the ICP-MS results, which suggest a concentration of 2.95 mg/L of Si. It is clear that there is a considerable difference in the results presented by the two methods. The results produced by the ICP-MS were taken for further analysis and interpretation.

3.7. Phosphate determination by phosphomolybdate colorimetric method

The phosphate results are presented in Table 1.

Water: the concentration calculated was of 1.25 mg/L. This level of phosphate determined by the colorimatry method has a value different from the IC findings (no detected phosphate).

Beer: the phosphate precipitated with some unidentified chemical in the solution, forming a dusty blue colour. Therefore no level of phosphate concentration could be detected using this method.

3.8. Fluoride determination by specific ion electrode

The Fluoride results are presented in Table 1. Both the water and the beer had results of fluoride concentration less than 1 mg/L. The difference between the fluoride level found by specific ion electrode and by the IC has already been mentioned above under the IC results and is discussed later in this paper.

3.9. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) determination

The DOC results are presented in Table 1. The findings suggest a significant difference between the two findings. The water has a value of 2.7 mg of carbon per liter whereas the beer proves to have 33040 mg of carbon per litre.

3.10. Ion coupled plasma – mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) determination

The ICP-MS findings are presented in Table1. The beer and the water have higher concentrations than the permitted levels in respect of a few of the elements.

The aluminium content in the beer (739 ppm) is almost 50% higher than the permitted level for domestic use in South Africa (water quality guidelines, 1995).

The concentration of chromium in the beer (622 ppm) is 12 times more than the suggested level (50ppm) by the European Union (EU) and the World Health Organisation (WHO). The South African suggested standard is for Cr⁶⁺and therefore not comparable to the ICP-MS results which include all positive oxidation forms of Cr.

The Iron found in the beer was in a concentration of 691 ppb. The permitted level for domestic use in South Africa is 500ppm and for the purpose of an industrially produced beverage is 200 ppm.

The manganese ion is present in the beer in an excess of 15% in comparison with the permitted level for the industrial produced beverage, and an excess of 120% in comparison with the EU. The South African permitted level for Mn is 5ppm; that is a 23 fold difference from the level found in the beer (115ppm).

The levels of zinc that are found in the beer (17.5ppm) and in the water (23.4ppm) are twice as much as the permitted level for domestic use in South Africa (<10ppm).

The water source exhibits an unexpected excess of cadmium and lead in its chemical composition. This is in comparison with the suggested levels for fresh water in aquatic eco-systems in South Africa. Yet it appears to be an accepted level according to Galvin R.M. (Water S.A, Jan.1996). The Cd level in the water sample was found to have 0.16ppb whereas the suggested level is 0.07ppb. The lead level in the water is 0.84ppb when the suggested level is 0.2ppb. It is important to note that the level permitted for human health is 10ppb. And in a similar manner to the zinc, the lead and cadmium levels can be assumed to occur in nature (Galvin, 1996)

3.11. MinteqA2 reaction path modelling

The minteqA2 was run in two different modes the results of the first mode run are presented in Table 2.

Table II Distribution of the water components among dissolved and adsorbed species.

Component	Species (%)	Species (%)	Species (%)	Species (%)	Species (%)
DOM	DOM (68.2)	Ca-DOM (30.7)	Other (1.1)
PO₄^-³	H₂PO₄^- (62.3)	HPO₄^-2 (32.4)	Ca-HPO₄(3.2)	Mg- HPO₄(1.3)	Other (0.8)
SO₄^-²	SO₄^-2 (95.2)	Ca- SO₄ (3.6)	Other (1.2)
Cl^-	Cl^- (100)
H₄SiO₄	H₄SiO₄ (99.9)	Other (0.1)
Mg⁺²	Mg⁺² (97.5)	Mg- DOM (1.6)	Other (0.9)
Ca⁺²	Ca⁺² (85.3)	Ca-DOM (13.9)	Other (0.8)
Fe⁺²	Fe⁺² (97.8)	Fe HPO₄ (1.1)	Other (1.1)
Mn⁺²	Mn⁺² (99)	Other (1)
Zn⁺²	Zn⁺² (60.1)	Zn-DOM (38.9)	Other (1)
K⁺	K⁺ (100)
Na⁺	Na⁺ (100)
Li⁺	Li⁺ (100)
H₂O	OH (93.7)	FeOH (2.6)	ZnOH (1.8)	Other (1.9)
H⁺	H₂PO₄^- (75.4)	HPO₄^-2 (19.6)	Ca-HPO₄(2)	H-DOM (1.3)	Other (1.7)

The distribution of the different species in the table presents a strong bonding between the calcium ion and the DOM and a smaller presence (few percent) of the major cations (Ca, Mg) bonded to DOM and to the phosphorus ion.

In Table 3, the saturation indices of the solution with respect to various minerals are presented in two ways. The first, when no precipitation is allowed, and the second, when precipitation is permitted for oversaturated minerals (i.e. the water being oversaturated with respect to these minerals).

Table III Saturation indices of the water stream sample.

Mineral	Chemical Form	Saturation index (No Precipitation)	Saturation index (Precipitation)
*Chalcedony*	SiO₂	-0.97	-0.97
*Cristobalite*	SiO₂	-0.91	-0.91
*Hydrapatite*	Ca₅(PO₄)₃OH	0	-0.03
*Quartz*	SiO₂	-0.48	-0.45
*SiO₂*	SiO₂	-1.48	-1.48
*MnHPO₄*	MnHPO₄	0.98	0

Comparing the two modes of saturation, it is clear that MnHPO₄ and quartz have precipitated in the solution. The quantities of these solids are of a trace value (10^-7).

The beer sample produces the following results, represented in Table 4 as the distribution of the beer components.

Table IV Distribution of the beer components among dissolved and adsorbed species.

Component	Species (%)	Species (%)	Species (%)	Species (%)	Species (%)
DOM	DOM (54.5)	Ca-DOM (24.1)	H-DOM (14.7)	Mg-DOM (4.3)	Al-DOM (2.3) Other (1.1)
PO₄^-³	H₂PO₄^- (89.3)	Mg-H₂PO₄⁺ (6.7)	Ca-H₂PO₄(2.9)	Other (1.1)
SO₄^-²	SO₄^-² (71.7)	Mg- SO₄ (15.5)	Ca- SO₄ (3.6)	KSO₄^- (2.2)	Other (1.2)
Cl^-	Cl^- (100)
NO₃^-	NO₃^- (100)
H₄SiO₄	H₄SiO₄ (100)
Al⁺³	Al-DOM (85.6)	Al⁺³ (11.1)	Al SO₄⁺
Mg⁺²	Mg⁺² (86.5)	Mg-H₂PO₄⁺ (6.7)	Mg- SO₄ (5.8)	Other (1)
Ca⁺²	Ca⁺² (81)	Ca-DOM (7.8)	Ca- SO₄ (6.2)	Ca-H₂PO₄⁺(4.9)	Other (0.8)
Fe⁺²	Fe⁺² (44)	Fe H₂PO₄ (52.3)	Fe SO₄ (2.9)	Other (0.8)
Mn⁺²	Mn⁺² (93)	MnSO₄ (6.3)	Other (0.7)
Ba⁺²	Ba⁺² (86.8)	Ba-DOM (13.2)
Cr⁺²	Cr⁺² (100)
K⁺	K⁺ (100)
Na⁺	Na⁺ (100)
NH₄⁺	NH₄⁺ (99.1)	Other (0.1)
Cu⁺	CuCl₂^- (74.5)	Cu⁺ (24.9)	Other (0.6)
H₂O	OH (93.7)	FeOH (2.6)	ZnOH (1.8)	Other (1.9)
H⁺	H₂PO₄^- (75.4)	HPO₄^-² (19.6)	Ca-HPO₄(2)	H-DOM (1.3)	Other (1.7)

The DOM has a significant effect on the variety of species present in the beer solution. The amount of elements bonded to DOM increased in 66% in comparison with the water.

Chloride, Sodium and potassium ions are the only elements that had not gone through any changes in their speciation, Both in the water and in the beer.

In Table 5 the different saturation indices of the beer are presented.

In a similar manner to the water, it is suggested that quartz and MnHPO₄ precipitate under the conditions presented in Table 1 (page 7).

Table I

Table V Saturation indices of the beer.

Mineral	Chemical Form	Saturation index (No Precipitation)	Saturation index (Precipitation)
*Alunite*	Kal₃ (SO₄)₂ (OH)₆	-0.006	-0.006
*Anhydrite*	CaSO₄	-1.4	-1.4
*Barite*	BaSO₄	-0.16	-0.16
*Chalcedony*	SiO₂	-0.14	-0.49
*Cristobalite*	SiO₂	-0.08	-0.42
*Diaspore*	AlO(OH)	-0.37	-0.37
*Gypsum*	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O	-1.17	-1.17
*Quartz*	SiO₂	0.35	0
*SiO₂*	SiO₂	-0.65	-1
*Kaolinite*	Al₂Si₂O₁₀ (OH)₂	-0.03	-0.72
*Pyrophyllite*	Al₂Si₄O₁₀ (OH)₂	0.06	-1.32
*MnHPO₄*	MnHPO₄	1.69	0

4. Discussion

In this study two related water samples are compared: a water stream sample taken from the Newlands stream and a “Castle” beer sample manufactured at the SAB plant in Newlands. During the making of the beer, the water goes through intensive chemical and physical treatment. The outcome – a beer – is significantly different in its chemical nature in comparison with its major source – the water stream. Yet, it is possible to compare (the two samples) in almost every aspect.

Each of the samples is discussed separately and evaluated in comparison with a similar environment, and the related quality standards.

The extensive difference in the pH values is evident and is to be expected bearing in mind that the water has gone through an intensive industrial procedure.

The results can be challenged by different means of interpretation. To begin with, the eluent used for the anion detection in the IC method (1.8mM Na₂CO₃ + 1.7mM NaHCO₃) is characterised by a close detection time for fluoride chloride and nitrite. Furthermore, the fluoride is the first anion to appear in the analysis and therefore may carry with it some impurities from a previous sample. A different eluent might be able to produce a better separation of the elements, especially when a significant amount of organic matter may be present in the analysed sample (such as the beer). The organic acids overlap some of the

Elements, such as fluoride and chloride and cause an artificial increase in the final report that the IC produces. This problem may be the reason for the uneven baseline that appears in the beer IC analysis. Organic acids, such as Oxalate and Acetate can overlap anions such as fluoride and thus cause the problem described above.

4.1. Water analysis

The pH value of the water (6.86) is within the required standards of the South African Department of Water Affairs – Water quality guidelines. There is more than a one order of magnitude difference in the pH level between the results produced in this report and a water analysis done in October 1997 for the same water stream (Muller J. 1997). The latter presents a pH level of 5.5 for the spring water. The reasons for this difference may lie with the fact that DOM and the organic acids (in particular), that are present in the water can affect pH determination and cation-anion balance (Murray & Wade, 1996).

To elaborate on the different findings of the October analysis and the present one, a comparison is presented in Table 6 (page 14).

Table VI A comparison of the Newlands water spring during the summer of 1997/8

Method	October 1997 analysis	February 1998 analysis
pH	5.5	6.86
EC mS/cm	191	174
Alkalinity mg/l (HCO₃ )	19	0
	mg/L	mg/L
Ca	2	13.3
Mg	3	2
Na	16	16.3
K	1	1.4
Zn	0.01	0.02
Fe	0.02	0.06
Mn	0.01	0.01
Cu	<0.01	<0.01
Cl	35	35
SO₄	<5	5.8
NO₄	6.22	Bdl
NO₄	<0.01	Bdl
F	0.03	<1
Si	2.2	2.95

It can be noticed from Table 6 that the presence of the major ions in the water did not change.

There is, however, some difference in the calcium and the alkalinity levels. The latter can, perhaps, be explained by seasonal fluctuations. The water may be influenced by early summer rains and thus include high levels of carbonates washed into the water. However, there is a contradiction. The low calcium levels that are presented in the October analysis do not completely match the above suggestion. Further observation should be conducted concerning the seasonal cycles of the major elements in the water spring.

Studying the output of the elements in the water has produced the following observations:

Firstly, the organic matter present in the solution plays an important role in the water speciation. It can be noticed that without considering the DOM, the overall ion charge is not balanced, with an excess of cations (15%). On the other hand, adding the total DOM concentration creates a 69% excess of anions. This refers to just 2.7 mg/L of organic carbon, present in the water solution.

Secondly, the minteqA2 analysis results suggest that quartz and MnHPO₄ precipitate in the water. This phenomenon is unlikely to happen since the samples were taken from the water stream where any precipitating elements present would not appear in the aqueous phase, unless, they are present as suspended solids. This finding may suggest that there is some mechanism (biological, gas pressure) that preserves the water in oversaturated levels in respect of quartz and MnHPO₄.

The South African water quality guidelines suggest some target levels for the different

elements and species present in the solution (Table 1).

It is clear when comparing the guidelines with the findings of this report that the Newlands water spring does not meet the necessary limitations.

However, there are some influencing factors that must be considered. The relatively nearby Atlantic Ocean might influence the water spring through ground water (rain, salt leaching, contact of the afriatic line). Thus, sodium and chloride concentrations in the spring will never meet the required guidelines.

The presence of trace elements, such as aluminium, zinc, cadmium and lead are found in levels above the targeted guidelines for aquatic eco-systems (Table 1). Aluminium is an abundant element, and therefore can be expected to be present (<10 ppb) in such a water system.

The reason for the presence of zinc cadmium and lead is not very clear. Cadmium can be related to zinc through different minerals such as greeockite (Galvin R.M., 1996). Furthermore, the higher the presence of organic matter – the lower is the expected level of cadmium. Since the water has low levels of organic matter (2.7 mg/L of carbon), the presence of cadmium in the water stream is not unexpected. The lead levels meet the naturally occurring levels presented by Galvin R.M. (Water SA, Jan 1996), if they do not exceed 10 ppb.

4.2. Beer analysis

This artificial beverage has a very complex chemical nature. In Table 7 (page 16) the writer indicates the influence of different elements and chemical characteristics on some of the unwanted phenomenon in an industrial process.

The table presents a complex interaction between the different influencing factors. They are not to be discussed here but presented in order to exemplify the role the different elements play in the process of making a beverage.

The pH of the beer (4.25) can be attributed to a number of factors;

The process of fermentation. Natural yeast nutrients, such as phosphoric and lactic acids are released and may acidify the water (King, 1993). Adding hop acids acts as a potent anti-microbial (Baxter, 1998). Acid washing for bacterial infection (Miller, 1998).
Adding nutrients such as sulphur, chloride and phosphorus is a common practice for taste regulation of the product (SAB, 1997; Thomas, 1998). The addition of salts (calcium, epsom, chloride, phosphate and sulphate salts) to the process of beer making is necessary (King, 1998). Thus, we expect the EC levels of the beer to be relatively high. The TDS value, consequently, will have a high value. The level of alkalinity differs in the various makes of beer (SAB, 1997). A low level of alkalinity is expected in very low pH (<5). Nevertheless it is important to recall that the water source that serves in the making of beer has, on its own, a low level of alkalinity.

Table VII Constituents that contribute to problems in an industrial process.

The Water Affairs requirements for the manufacture of beverages in industry are presented in Table 1. The levels required are under category 2 of the proposed water quality draft (1995). This category specifies beverages under the sub-category of water product. The results of the beer analysis do not meet some of the requirements for a water product in the making of a beverage.

Potassium is present in the beer (331 mg/L) at a level, which is more than six times the permitted level by the water guidelines (<50).

Magnesium (127 mg/L), as well, is present at a level of 80% more than is allowed (<70 mg/L).

The sulphate level in the beer (188 mg/L) is more than twice as much as the levels specified by Water Affairs (0-80 mg/L). The reason for this high level may be in the process of manufacturing the beer (adding sulphate salts).

The iron present in the beer (691 ppb) is 2½ times higher than the suggested level (0-200 ppb). There is no apparent reason for the high levels of iron in the water, unless it was added for reasons of flavour. (Iron adds a metallic flavour.)

Another influencing factor is the method in which the iron was analysed – the ICP-MS. In using this method with the specific machinery used for this analysis there is room for a miscalculation of the iron content. The ICP system can produce a result which is higher (to an unknown extent) than the actual concentration.

The manganese is 15% higher (115 ppb). There is no apparent reason for the high levels of manganese in the water. Unless, as in the case of iron, it was added for flavour purposes.

The Water Affairs document for water quality in industry is incomplete in its coverage of the various constituents in water and therefore not all the beer constituents could be compared properly. There is a brewing guideline (Allen, 1998) that has suggested the following limits and average levels of elements in the beers.

The limited levels of the various elements presented in Table 8 (page 17) are different from the levels presented by the Water Affairs guideline. Therefore, this might change the perspective in which the quality of the beer liquid is examined. For example, an element such as aluminium or calcium might seem to be at a level permitted by the Allen guideline (Table 9). Yet, its level in the Water Affairs guideline (Table 1), might be health affecting. Williams (online, 1998) suggests that the average daily intake of aluminium is 3.9 mg, whereas, a beer bottle containing (by average) 100mg/L will contribute 0.3 mg of aluminium. Water may add up to 0.2 mg per day (Williams, 1998).

Table I

Table VIII Limiting & average levels of factors influencing the quality of beer (Allen, 1998)

Factor	Limit mg/L	Average mg/L
*Alkalinity*	None	<19.6
*Aluminium*	None	<0.07
*Arsenic*	0.05	<0.007
*Barium*	1	<0.097
*Cadmium*	0.01	<0.002
*Calcium*	None	6
*Chloride*	250	3.2
*Chromium*	0.05	0.017
*Copper*	1	0.05
*Fluoride*	1.4-2.4	0.121
*Iron*	0.3	0.08
*Lead*	0.05	0.009
*Magnesium*	None	3.15
*Manganese*	0.05	0.011
*Nitrate*	10	0.22
pH	None	7.1
*Potassium*	None	0.73
*Sand*	2	0.8
*Selenium*	0.01	0.002
*Silicon*	None	16.13

Another trace element present in an unwanted level is chromium. The beer consists of 622 ppb of chromium. It has a beneficial action in the form of protein uptake by cells. Yet, low levels of Cr⁶⁺ uptake and high levels of Cr³⁺ uptake may promote health problems (Galvin, 1996), of which some are severe in the long term (cancer).

Since the ICP-MS detects all positive oxidation states (in the case of chromium- +2, +3, +6), it is clear that the concentrations of chromium do not specify the various oxidation states, and full understanding of the Cr analysis is impossible.

The minteqA2 speciation module is presented in Table 4. From the minteq speciation a few conclusions may be offered. The DOM present in the beer is bonded to many elements (Ca, Mg, Al, Ba, H). It is an anticipated result, due to the high affinity of organic matter to cations and its high surface area that enables a high adsorption ratio. Species such as SO₄, H₂PO₄ are present in a familiar level according to the beer pH level and as compared with equivalent distribution of species (Murray & Wade, 1996).

The mineral indices of beer presented in Table 5 (page 12) suggest that quartz and MnHPO₄ may precipitate. This occurrence is unlikely to happen, as in the water, since the samples were in an aqueous phase. However, it may be possible that these minerals exist in the beer as suspended colloids. Their presence is, in any event negligible since their concentration is in a trace quantity level.

4.3. MinteqA2 hypothetical scenario

4.3.1. Water salinisation

MinteqA2 was run according to the following scenario: salinisation of ground water, due to acid rain, or intrusion of the afriatic boundary into the underground aquifer. Hence, the concentration of sulphate has risen to a level of 100 mg / L. The concentrations of chloride and sodium are not likely to influence the solution in this particular scenario. This is especially so, since it was noticed in the original mionteqA2 run (Table 2) that the speciation of the two elements did not change. Consequently the chemical composition of the water has changed. The changes are expressed in Table 10 (page20) where the distribution of components in the solution is described. The results of the hypothetical monteq run are presented in Table 9 (page 19).

To begin with, the pH level has risen to 7.3. Next, the total charge balance changed to an excess of 38 % of anions – an anticipated result. The minerals that may precipitate are Hydrapatite, MnHPO₄ and ZnSiO₃.

It is clear from the table that some significant changes occurred in the water. The excess of sulphates had quite a distinctive influence on some of the species.

The phosphate speciation has changed. The ratio between HPO₄²^- and H₂PO₄^- has changed. This is in correlation with the behaviour of the species described in the literature (Murray & Wade, 1986). Yet, the percentage of change in the ratio is more than is described in the literature. The scenario test-run presents a 100% increase in the HPO₄²^- concentration and a 50% decrease in the H₂PO₄^- concentration, whereas Murray & Wade suggest not more than a 15% change for both species. This immense change in the ratio can perhaps be explained by the charge imbalance. It is clear that a missing cation can influence the speciation of a solution by its absence.

Table IX Distribution of the water components among dissolved and adsorbed species.

Component	Species (%)	Species (%)	Species (%)	Species (%)	Species (%)
DOM	DOM (70.9)	Ca-DOM (28.1)	Other (1)
PO₄^-³	H₂PO₄^- (35.8)	HPO₄^-2 (57.3)	Ca-HPO₄(4.3)	Mg- HPO₄(1.8)	Other (0.8)
SO₄^-²	SO₄^-2 (96.3)	Ca- SO₄ (2.7)	Other (1.0)
Cl^-	Cl^- (100)
H₄SiO₄	H₄SiO₄ (99.8)	Other (0.2)
Mg⁺²	Mg⁺² (89.3)	Mg- DOM (1.5)	Mg SO₄ (9.1)	Other (0.1)
Ca⁺²	Ca⁺² (77.5)	Ca-DOM (13.4)	Ca- SO₄ (9)	Other (0.8)
Fe⁺²	Fe⁺² (90.2)	Fe SO₄ (9)	Other (0.8)
Mn⁺²	Mn⁺² (90.3)	Mn SO₄ (9.4)	Other (0.3)
Zn⁺²	Zn⁺² (54.2)	Zn-DOM (37.2)	Zn SO₄ (7.3)	Other (1.3)
K⁺	K⁺ (99.5)	Other (0.5)
Na⁺	Na⁺ (99.6)	Other (0.4)
Li⁺	Li⁺ (99.7)	Other (0.3)
H₂O	OH (95.3)	FeOH (2.3)	Other (2.4)
H⁺	H₂PO₄^- (54.5)	HPO₄^-2 (43.6)	Ca-HPO₄(3.3)Mg HPO₄(1.3)	H-DOM (3.3)	H⁺ (1.4)

As for the sulphate species concentration in the solution, it has not changed in a meaningful manner. This may be predicted since the sulphate does not react strongly with sodium to create a salt.

The sulphate had an effect on the zinc and manganese speciation. These two elements (Zn, Mg) were not bonded before to sulphate. However, under the new circumstances they have each spared 10% of their concentration to a combined species with sulphate.

4.3.2. Beer acidification

The scenario for the minteqA2 test-run is as follows: an unplanned acidification has increased during the mash fraction in the beer manufacturing process. The assumed pH is 3.5 (the final product is 4.25).

The overall charge balance has changed. An excess of 31% in cations is present in the solution. This may be explained by the precipitation of diaspore and removal of hydroxyls from the solution. Precipitation of quartz, MnHPO_4, diaspore and hydrapatite is anticipated in trace levels 10^-4M to 10^-6M.

The concentration of H₂PO₄^- has risen by 3-fold to 4.6 10^-3 M. This rising in the phosphoric acid concentration can be predicted, according to the phosphorus speciation behaviour in different pH levels that presents such a pattern of behaviour (Murray & Wade, 1986). The beer solution speciation is introduced in Table 10 (page20).

A few changes in the solution speciation are evident. The DOM speciation was changed. It has become more susceptible to other species (H⁺ in particular). Barium is now attached as well to DOM.

An interesting development is the speciation of potassium sodium. In the original speciation (Table 4), they were not effected. Here they are effected to a minor degree (<1%). The potassium is bonded to the sulphate, yet the sodium is not specified. It can therefore be assumed that the sodium and the ammonium are bonded to other species, which are probably in small quantities (<1mM).

The hydroxyl speciation has changed in a significant manner. Most of the OH^- (99.9%) is bonded to aluminium, Whereas before the OH^- was mostly specified as OH^- and a minor percent was bonded to Fe and Zn. The reason for this may lie with the increasing solubility of aluminium in decreasing pH levels.

The phosphorus, as may be predicted, changed its speciation slightly. A new species is added to the solution – H₃PO₄ (3.1%).

Table I

Table X Distribution of the beer components among dissolved and adsorbed species.

Component	Species (%)	Species (%)	Species (%)	Species (%)	Species (%)
DOM	DOM (45.9)	Ca-DOM (11.7)	H-DOM (38.4)	Mg-DOM (2)	Al-DOM (2)
PO₄^-³	H₂PO₄^- (87.2)	MgH₂PO₄⁺ (6.6)	Ca-H₂PO₄⁺(3)	H₃PO₄ (3.1)	Other (0.1)
SO₄^-²	SO₄^-2 (70.6)	Mg-SO₄ (15.3)	Ca- SO₄ (10.1)	KSO₄^- (2.1)	HSO₄ (1.3) Other (0.6)
Cl^-	Cl^- (100)
NO₃^-	NO₃^- (100)
H₄SiO₄	H₄SiO₄ (100)
Al⁺³	Al-DOM (74.3)	Al⁺³ (21)	Al SO₄⁺ (4.2)	Other (0.5)
Mg⁺²	Mg⁺² (87.3)	Mg-H₂PO₄⁺ (6.6)	MgSO₄ (5.7)	Other (0.5)
Ca⁺²	Ca⁺² (84.9)	Ca-DOM (3.8)	CaSO₄ (6.4)	Ca-H₂PO₄⁺(4.9)	Other (0.8)
Fe⁺²	Fe⁺² (45.2)	Fe H₂PO₄ (51.8)	FeSO₄ (2.9)	Other (0.1)
Mn⁺²	Mn⁺² (93.1)	MnSO₄ (6.2)	Other (0.7)
Ba⁺²	Ba⁺² (93.4)	Ba-DOM (6.6)
Cr⁺²	Cr⁺² (100)
K⁺	K⁺ (99.5)	Other (0.5)
Na⁺	Na⁺ (99.6)	Other (0.4)
NH₄⁺	NH₄⁺ (99.1)	Other (0.1)
Cu⁺	CuCl₂^- (74.5)	Cu⁺ (24.9)	Other (0.6)
H₂O	AlOH (96.7)	Al(OH)₂ (3.2)	Other (0.1)
H⁺	H₂PO₄^- (80)	H₃PO₄ (4.3)	Ca-H₂PO₄(2.7) MgH₂PO₄⁺ (6)	H-DOM (3.4)	H⁺ (3.3) Other (0.3)

5. Conclusions

The Newlands water spring and “Castle” beer samples analysed from a geochemical point of view, during the course of this study have revealed two major findings.

In relation to aquatic eco-systems and domestic use – the water stream has proved to have adequate standards. In relation to domestic use and artificial beverage production - inadequate levels of certain elements were found in the beer sample.

5.1. Newlands water spring sample

The chemical characteristics of the water solution present a high quality standard, even though elements such as zinc and manganese are present at levels that are above the limits permitted for aquatic eco-systems and domestic use by the South African water quality guide (1995). This may be explained by the natural occurrence of these elements in the surrounding environment.

A considerable increase in the salinity of the solution (100 mg/L sulphates) can create a significant change in the speciation of the solution. This change might influence the production of the beer. Though, salinity may not necessarily prevent the use of the water for beer production since salts, in any case, are added to the water.

5.2. Mediating process

Once the water is inserted in to the process of beer manufacturing, it goes through a substantial change in its overall chemical speciation and characteristics. The pH is dropped from 6.86 to 4.25, and salts are added in hundreds of mg/L for the purpose of taste regulation. Thus, the final product – beer – is of a completely different chemical and physical nature than its primary source – the water spring.

5.3. “Castle” beer sample

The beer itself presents a chemical structure that is a derivative of its manufacturing process. Hence, it is bound to be quite different from the water source. This big difference is mainly due to the salinisation of the solution (for reasons presented in section 5.2.). Yet, inspite of this controlled salinisation of the solution the analysis results present a solution quality that does not meet the water quality guidelines for industrial use. That is for category 2 – the manufacture of a beverage (South African Water Affairs-water quality guide, 1995).

Major elements such as potassium, calcium and magnesium are present at levels that are more than four times higher than the permitted levels. Trace elements such as aluminium, chromium, iron, manganese and zinc are present in concentrations considered by the South African water quality guidelines and by the EU as above the permitted levels. The concentrations of iron, chromium and aluminium should be given serious examination, since they may be present in health affecting levels.

An unintentional change in the pH of the solution during the process of the beer manufacturing may result in a different chemical speciation. The effects and results of such a hypothetical change are to be evaluated in a food technology perspective.

6. REFERENCE

Baxter D. (1998). Beer is good for you – discussion. Online, BreWorld.com

Clesceri et al. (1989). Standard methods fot the examination of water and waste water. 17^th ed.

American Health Association: Washington D.C.

Drever J.I. (1997). The geochemistry of natural waters. 3^rd ed. Prentice Hall: N.J.

Galvin R.M. (1996). Occurrence of metals in waters: An overview. Water SA. Vol. 22 No. 1. pp 7-18.

Lanyon R. (1996). Chemical analysis of water samples from Rietvlei and Diep river, Cape Town. .

Unpublished report, Dept of geological sciences, U.C.T.

Miller D. (1998). Demystifying water analysis tables. Online,

http://breweingtechniques.com/library/backissues/issue1.1/miller.html

Muller J. Laboratories (PTY) LTD. (1997). Newlands water spring. analysis report. p.6

Murray K., Wade P. (1996). Checking anion-cation charge balance of water quality analysis: Limitations of the traditional method of non-potable waters. Water SA. Vol. 22 No. 1. pp 27-32.

Nowicki T.E. (1997). The impact of plantations of Pinus spp. On the chemical properties of soils and stream waters

in South African Upland Catchmants. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. Department of Geological sciences.

University of Cape Town.

Republic of South Africa – Office of Water Affairs and Forestry (1995). Water quality guidelines,

Vol. 1 Domestic use.

Republic of South Africa – Office of Water Affairs and Forestry (1995). Water quality guidelines,

Vol. 3 Industrial use.

Republic of South Africa – Office of Water Affairs and Forestry (1995). Water quality guidelines,

Vol. 7 Aquatic Eco-systems.

South African Breweries. Untitled. An overview of water quality for beer production. Internal publication.

Thomas K. (1998). The role of Sulphur. Online, BreWorld.com

Van Tienhoven A.M. (1996). Report on groundwater analysis from the world of birds wildlife sanctuary,

Hout-Bay. Unpublished report, Dept of geological sciences, U.C.T.

Williams D. (1998). Aluminium in beer. Online, BreWorld.com

King K. (1998). Water treatment: Philosophy, Approach and Calculations. Online,

http://breweingtechniques.com/library/backissues/issue1.3/king.html

7. Appendix A: Analytical methods

7.1. Determination of electrical conductivity – EC.

The electrical conductivity of each sample was determined using a CRISON microCM 2201 conductivity meter at room temperature. Conductivity values are expressed in Siemens per unit distance (usually – mS/cm).

7.2. Determination of pH values

Determination of pH (- Log a_H+) was achieved using a CRISON micropH 2001 microprocessor controlled pH meter at room temperature. The meter determines hydrogen ion activity electrometrically using a combined glass indicator-reference electrode.

7.3. Determination of Alkalinity

Alkalinity was measured using the method of Gran titration. Stepwise titrations are carried out using a radiometer ABU80 autoburette and TTT85 titrator. A sample volume of 10ml was used and titrations were performed using 0.01HCl.

The principles and application of this method were taken from the unpublished Ph.D. thesis (U.C.T. 1997) by Mr. Tom Nowicki (pp. 195-197).

The volume of the acid added is plotted against a function of the added volume – Fx. In Figure 2 the Gran titration method is presented:

-0.02 pH 3.2 F_xpH 3.8 pH 4 0 v_fV_x

Figure 2: Alkalinity determination using Gran titration.

The parameters involved in the calculation of alkalinity are:

Fx = C_a (v_f- v_x) = -10^-^pHx (v_s+ v_x).

C_a= the normality of the strong acid used.

v_f= the volume of a strong acid (ml) required to bring the sample to the H₂CO₃

equivalent point.

v_x= volume (ml) of acid added at the titration.

v_s = the volume (ml) of sample used for the titration.

Table A1.3 presents the calculations done using Microsoft Excel, to determine the alkalinity.

For the purpose of the calculation v_fwas determined by extrapolation of the linear portion of the function to the intercept on the v_xaxis (F_x = 0).

Table 11 Alkalinity calculations for water stream sample.

MQ water				Water stream sample
Vol. ml	pH		f(x)	Vol. ml		pH	f(x)
10.3	5.35		-4.6exp-5	10.3		7.39	-0.4exp-6
10.444	4		-1.1exp-3	11.109		4	-1.2exp-3
10.53	3.8		-1.8exp-3	11.196		3.8	-1.8exp-3
10.651	3.6		-2.7exp-3	11.345		3.6	-2.9exp-3
10.872	3.4		-4.43exp-3	11.592		3.4	-4.62exp-3
11.219	3.2		-7.1exp-3	12.006		3.2	-7.58exp-3
Vf = 0.01		Alk = 9.7exp-6		Vf = 0.02	Alk=1.9410^-⁵-9.710^-⁶=9.7*10^-⁶
CaCO3 = 9.7exp-4 mg/l				CaCO3 = 9.7 exp-4 mg/l

Alkalinity is than determined by the following equation: Alk = (v_f- C_a) ¸v_s.

It is important to note that no calculations were done for the beer sample. That is due to the fact that below the level of pH 6.3 the concentrations of CO₃^-² and OH^- are negligible.

7.4. Cation and anion measurements using Ion Chromatography.

Cation (K, Na, Ca, Mg, NH₄, Mn & Li) and anion (Cl, F, NOx, PO₄, SO₄ & Br) concentrations within the water samples were determined by an HPIC-AS4A separator. The samples were initially filtered through a 0.45mm Millipore filter membranes to remove suspended solids. Than diluted with Milli-Q water to obtain EC levels less than 100 mS/cm.

The lower limit of detection for most ionic species that can be measured by IC is within the ppb range.

Evaluating the IC results should be done carefully. Double peaks are due to unidentified elements in the solution as well as elements which their readings are very near one to another and the overlapping can cause a misinterpretation of the results.

Table 1 of the report (page 7) presents the data obtained from the IC analysis.

7.5. determination of phosphorus – P – concentration

Phosphorus concentrations were determined using the phosphomolybdate colorimetric method, as described in Standard Methods (1989). This method can be used to analyse most natural, industrial and sewage type water samples. A phosphate reagent solution is prepared from ammonium molybdate, ascorbic acid, antimonyl potassium tartrate and sulphuric acid. The reagent is added to a blank, a standard and the sample. After 10 min. the absorbance of the blank, the standard and the sample are measured.

Beer sample- precipitated with some chemical in the solution to form a dusty blue colour solution. Therefore the concentration of the phosphate in the beer could not be determined.

Water sample- the absorbance was detected at 0.029. Extrapolation from the calibration graph suggests that the concentration of the Phosphate is 1.25 mg/l. or 0.04mM/l. Figure 3 describes the determination of phosphate in the water sample.

Figure 3: phosphate determination in the water stream sample.

7.6. Determination of Fluoride

Fluoride ion was determined through a selective electrode method. This method suites fluoride (F-) concentration from 0.1 to more than 10 mg/L. Some elements interfere with the ion determination. Aluminium and Chloride ions are decreasing factors in regard with the fluoride concentration determined.

7.7. Determination of Silica

The Silicon ion tested is the soluble silicon with no reference to the monomers and colloidal properties. Silica concentrations were determined using the heteropoly blue method (standard methods, 1989).

Procedure – HCl and ammonium molybdate reagent are added subsequently to the samples and to a set of standards. Later oxalic acid is added and the solution is mixed. An absorbance reading is taken between 2 – 15 min. No NaHCO₃ digestion was used. If necessary a dilution of the samples must be made, in order to make it comparable to the standards and a blank. Finally the Silica (in grams per 55ml of final volume) is plotted against the absorbance. Figure 4 represents the silica determination in the water stream sample.

Figure 4: Silica determination of the water stream sample.

7.8. Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometer, ICP-MS.

Method of trace elements determination.

A quantitative analysis of trace elements was conducted by ICP-MS. The make of the system used was of an Elan 6000 by Perkin-Elmer Sciex, U.S.A. It is a system consisting of three major components: and inductive coupled plasma (ICP) source, a quadropole mass spectrometer (MS) and an interface that links them. The ICP provides the source of the ions from the sample being analysed. The MS permits detection of ions at each mass in sequence. The electrical signals resulting from the detection of the ions are then processed into a digital information system that is used to indicate ion intensity and subsequently the ion concentration.

Interference -

Spectral interference – ions other than the desired analyte ions appear in the

spectrum of analysis. For example Iron determination can easily be disturbed by the presence of the Ar ion in different oxidation states (+1, +2)

Isobaric effects – the presence of isotopes influences the determination of the desired

ions, and thus overlapping of one element by another can occur and create a false

increase of the examined element’s peak.

Matrix effect – the TDS must be kept beneath the level of 0.1 g/ 100 cm³ to minimise

clogging of the system.

To conclude, it is a system that requires a highly skilful operational ability and a careful measure in the preparation of the samples.

For the purpose of this report, the samples were filtered through a 0.45mm Millipore filter and then diluted to a level below 100 ms/cm.

7.9 Determination of the dissolved organic carbon – DOC.

Organic carbon is oxidised to carbon dioxide, CO₂, by persulphate in the presence of ultraviolet light. The CO₂ produced may be measured directly by a nondispersive infrared analyser, be reduced to methane and measured by flame ionisation detector, or be chemically titrated. The minimum detection level is 0.05 mg/L of organic carbon.

Interference – this method is highly sensitive to any slight change in the composition of the air. Any change in the concentration of CO₂ in the air will influence the DOC determination, thus if no precautions are taken. Contamination during handling the organic carbon sample is a likely source for an error. The samples are filtered through a 0.45 mm Millipore filter membrane to remove suspended solids. Thus some of the organic carbon present in the dissolved organic matter will not be calculated due to its filtering out.

7.10. MinteqA2 reaction path modelling.

The MinteqA2 is a geochemical equilibrium speciation program developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This program produces a successive composition of a solution as a mineral (or several minerals) reacts with the solution or as some other process, such as precipitation, proceeds.

An input file is prepared using data such as temperature, pH and the concentrations of the different elements present in the solution. The file is run through the minteqA2 program and an output file is produced.

The minteqA2 program enables a variety of calculations. Changing pH, temp, concentrations and other chemical characteristics enables to evaluate hypothetical possibilities for the examined solution.

8. Appendix B: Group results

8.1. Analysis results

The samples collected by the group were taken from various places in the Cape region. The analyses results are presented in Table 12 (page 29). Some of the locations from which samples were taken can be considered to be pristine, i.e., matching a natural environment. However, some of the samples were selected from polluted sites, either in natural environments (rivers) or from anthropogenic sites (fertiliser ponds, Vlei’s, etc.).

8.2. Interpretation and discussion

It is a common practice in soil science to calculate the sodium adsorption ratio for agricultural and engineering purposes. In this report an attempt to analyse the sodium adsorption ratio is undertaken. Although the samples are taken from various water systems, the water is originally from a soil environment. Thus, a careful assumption can be taken that these water samples reflect the nature of the soil solution, to a certain extent (which is unknown).

In Figure 5 the concentrations of sodium (mg/L) and the SQRT [(Ca+Mg)/2] ratio were compared.

Figure 5 SAR interpretation of the group results

It is important to note that two samples were excluded. The first, is the beer sample. It is an artificial beverage, and thus, comparing it’s SAR to that of a natural system is not practical. The second sample to be excluded is the sample taken from the Cape Point Nature Reserve pond. This pond is likely to be under a strong influence from the nearby Atlantic Ocean and therefore can be expected to include high levels of sodium. Such a high level of sodium is common only in highly saline soils, that would have quite a different chemistry and characteristics from other soils. Therefore it was excluded from this analysis.

It is evident from Figure 5 that a strong correlation (R²=0.977)exists between the sodium and calcium + magnesium. The implications of such a comparison may suggest that the water systems do in fact maintain some of the soil solution nature and, perhaps can be treated as such. Yet it is clear that this is just a primary assumption and a further analysis should be done.

A further attempt to analyse the results was done. The ratio between SAR and EC is known in soil science to have a linear correlation. In the group results there seems to be no linear correlation between the SAR and the EC. This might suggest that the initial analysis of the group results done for SAR may not be correct and its interpretation may be wrong.

12/02/2012

Business Plan Example For Running a business and setting up new ventures and new business units

Business Plan Example For Running a business and setting up new ventures and new business units

By: David Sugarman

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Executive Summary

Appenix

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Mission

THE COMPANY has developed an innovative technology that measures in real-time, non-invasively, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION in a person’s blood. The technology has various applications in different fields. The Company intends to become the global leader in the REAL-TIME CHEMICAL COMPOSITION MONTIRING market for all applications.

The Need

[1]Over the past few years, an aging demographic pattern coupled with increasing global pollution have led to a growth in breathing-related illnesses, boosting the need for new devices for monitoring levels of CHEMICAL COMPOSITION in the blood.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION levels are currently measured by devices called Analysis Instrument s that have been commercially available since the past twenty years.

Clinical studies supporting Analysis Instrument y’s importance in improving patient safety drive the development of the CHEMICAL COMPOSITION monitoring market segment.

This market is expected to register growth on account of continuing cost effective innovations, expansion into new market segments and rising health and environment issues.

The Technology

The "Analysis Instrument " idea and technology developed by THE COMPANY enables non-invasive real-time monitoring of CHEMICAL COMPOSITION levels in the blood in a method different than the current known Chemical Analysis method.

The technology is based on high-speed and high-sensitivity sampling of volume reflection of Infra-Red light through the patient's skin using IR sensors (ANALYSIS #A- PhotoPlethysmoGraphy). Innovative algorithms analyze the acquired data in order to measure blood-flow characteristics and derive the CHEMICAL COMPOSITION levels.

A feasibility study of about 6 months funded by the “Tnufa” fund has ended with a proof-of-concept prototype that was tested and confirms the capability of the technology and points out the direction of what are the next development milestones.

The Solution

The technology answers the growing need for real-time, non-invasive, simple, reliable and low cost solution for CHEMICAL COMPOSITION monitoring and, in addition to the existing monitoring medical device market, opens a wide range of new applications in new markets such as in bio-feedback and sports monitoring.

In the medical device arena the The Company will penetrate into the following areas as a complementary, and in the future replacement for the currently used devices:

Hospital Operating Rooms
Hospital Critical Care units
Portable Emergency Units (e.g. ambulances)
Personal usage for patients requiring monitoring of CHEMICAL COMPOSITION levels

1.         The Market
1.1       Market Segmentation
1.2       Market Segment Overview
1.3       Customers’ Needs
1.4       Existing Solutions
1.5       Competitors Landscape
1.6       Competitive Comparison

1.7 Market Segment Potential

1.8 Market Opportunities and Threats

1.9       SWOT
2.         The Company
2.1       Basic Facts
2.2      The Team

3.         Technology and Products
3.1       The Company Basic Concept
3.2       The Company Basic Components

3.3 Personal-Use The Company for Health Stress Control/Management

3.4       High-End/High-Accuracy Analysis Instrument
3.5       OEM Analysis Instrument
3.6      Algorithm-Only Analysis Instrument

4.         Marketing Activities and Strategies
4.1       Marketing Strategies
4.2       Marketing Tactics

5. Product Development
5.1 Development of a Medical Product

5.2 Product Classification

5.3 Clinical Trials and Scientific Papers

5.4 Regulatory Approval in the EU

5.5 Product Development & Engineering

5.6 Patents

6.         Financials
6.1      Early Start Up Costs and Revenues
6.2       Sales Plan
6.3       P & L / Cash Flow
6.4       Wharton Business School Sales Sensitivity Analysis

6.5 Breakeven Analysis

The Market and Opportunity

The first market segment that was identified by THE COMPANY to have a large un-met clinical need and large market potential for the The Company product is in the personal usage market, specifically for Health Stress Patients.

The device will be used as a personal accessory to assist Health Stress patients during an Health Stress attack in controlling and managing their Health Stress and helping them determine their actions.

The selection of the Health Stress Patient market segment is due to:

[2]Health Stress is the main breathing-related illness known today that affects more than million people of all ages worldwide. When uncontrolled, can place severe limits on daily life and is sometimes fatal. Health Stress is a significant burden, not only in terms of health care costs but also lost productivity and reduced participation in family life.
Health Stress is under-diagnosed and under-treated, creating a substantial burden to individuals and families and possibly restricting individuals’ activities for a lifetime.
Although Health Stress does not kill on the scale of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or other chronic diseases, failure to use appropriate medications or to adhere to treatment can lead to death.
A monitoring device for Health Stress management will provide a patient with their current Health Stress status and short term and long term trends, indicating any deterioration in their condition. This information may be used to manage Health Stress more effectively, since Health Stress patients tend to accommodate their Health Stress and slow deteriorations in disease status can go unnoticed leading to sub optimal management.
Performance requirements (accuracy) from the The Company for that market segment are such that will enable a relatively short development cycle and regulatory path (about 2 years) with low risks.

Potential global market is very large and growing, will enable mass produce and achieve low cost manufacturing.
The development of the unit for Health Stress control application will lay the grounds for development of high-end units with improved accuracy for the other medical applications.
The combined European & USA market potential is estimated to be about $20 billion.

The Plan

The total amount for required investment is $ 16 Million dollars to be invested during the first 5 years. As of the 6^th year The Company shifts to a positive cash flow and balance, and by the 9^th year, ROI is achieved and profit that amounts to the amount invested can be reached 3-4 years later.

1. THE MARKET

1.1 Market Segmentation

In the medical device arena the The Company will penetrate into four market segment as a complementary device, and in the future, as replacement to the Analysis Instrument :

- Hospital Operating Rooms
- Hospital Critical Care units
- Portable Emergency Units (e.g. ambulances)
- Personal usage for patients requiring monitoring of CHEMICAL COMPOSITION levels.

Health Stress is one of the most common chronic diseases in the Western world. Compared with other chronic diseases, number of Health Stress patients is in increase, for many reasons, particularly the quality of air we breathe. Among patients with Health Stress is a hypersensitivity of the respiratory system, causing the development of recurrent infections that block the Kenny breathing and thereby prevent patient to breathe properly. The result is wheezing or snorting during breathing, to the point of complete obstruction and death

1.2 Market Segment Overview

The initial target market segment is Personal usage for patients requiring monitoring of CHEMICAL COMPOSITION levels. Currently there is a large un-met clinical need and large market potential for the Analysis Instrument , specifically for Health Stress Patients. Hereunder are a few statistics facts about Health Stress:

- 1 in 4 children in Western Europe require an unscheduled urgent care visit every year to their Health Stress.
- “The GINA report shows that despite the important improvement in reducing mortality, Health Stress management is still failing patients, and not meeting international guidelines for Health Stress management.
- For the 30 million people with Health Stress, the impact is profound, with Health Stress affecting sleep, lung function and daily activities.”
- Nearly 95% of people with Health Stress in Europe do not meet the criteria for Health Stress control laid down by the GINA guidelines for Health Stress management, with over one third of children and half of adults reporting day-time symptoms at least once a week

Currently any Health Stress patient that experience an attack, doesn't know in which stage he is in. Therefore he can choose visit a hospital for examination and get a treatment if necessary or to be sent home in case the attack is not having any risk.
Any unnecessary visit to the hospital is a waste of time and money to the patient. It is also a waste of money to the health system. This cost could have been saved if the patient was performed a simple test with the The Company at home.
On the other hand patient during attack that decides not to visit a hospital can suffer from an attack that progress to a severe situation that can lead to mortality.

1.3 Customers’ Needs

There are 4 stages of Health Stress attack: Mild, Moderate, Severe and Respiratory arrest imminent.

The first 2 stages (Mild and Moderate) can be treated in community setting while the other 2 stages require acute care facility (such as hospital emergency department).
Currently, as mentioned above there is no way to identify the attack’s stage without going to the hospital and therefore there are cases which patient goes to the hospital while he actually could have stayed at home and treat himself there or cases that the attack is severe and require hospitalization but the patient is not aware of it. These 2 cases can lead to waste of money and time in case of moderate and mild attack or in the second case can cause to mortality.

1.4 Existing Solutions

The current method of treating Health Stress attacks is almost blind, without paying attention to the real status of respiration. While an accurate clinical method exists (ABG- arterial Chemistryes)- it can be used only in the hospital, and is not practical for home use.
As a result- patient arrive late to hospital, with an advanced attack; either too many, or too little, medications are given; Health Stress control is sub-optimal; morbidity and mortality increased; enormous loss of work/school days, and loss in quality of life.

1.5 Competitors Landscape

There are 5 main competitors that can compete with the THE COMPANY but none of them provide a similar solution to the THE COMPANY solution:

Competitor 1 .

A start-up from 2004 that has identified the same need and is developing a device based on a different technology.

It uses the Chemical Analysis technique to measure the rate of change in the concentration of exhaled CHEMICAL COMPOSITION against time with normal breathing.

Health Stress Alert was devised by scientists at Brunel University.

It allows the condition to be checked while the patients breathe normally.

The hand-held device, is still in development, and not commercially available.

Its makers say it is easy for patients to interpret results and then alter their medication if necessary.

Direct Threat, Anaxsys Technology is the direct threat, however does provide indication that an additional company has identified the un-met need. We believe that our The Company technology is novel over Anaxsys’s Technology since they use Analysis Instrument technology which relies on patient breathing – a real problem in Health Stress patients.

Peak Flow Meters

A peak flow meter is a small, hand-held device used to monitor a person's ability to breathe out air. It measures the airflow through the bronchi and thus the degree of obstruction in the airways. It is produced by many manufacturers. Very commonly used by Health Stress Patients and indicates mechanical lung function.

It requires forced expiration which is sometimes very difficult for children and in severe Health Stress conditions.

It can be regarded as a complementary device and not a competitor.

Similar Devices

A Analysis Instrument #1 is a medical device that indirectly measures the Chemical saturation of a patient's blood (as opposed to measuring Chemical saturation directly through a blood sample) and changes in blood volume in the skin, producing a result. It is often attached to a medical monitor so staff can see a patient's Chemical ation at all times

The device is manufactured by many manufacturers.

For Health Stress control and monitoring, provides an indication very late and does not provide the full clinical picture.

Analysis Instrument

A Analysis Instrument is an instrument used to measure the Chemical molecule (CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ) concentration in an air sample. It does this by measuring the absorption of infrared light, which is absorbed particularly well by Chemical molecule.

The current available Analysis Instrument s are manufactured by several medical device companies and are very expensive, not designed for personal usage and are not accurate during Health Stress Attack due to irregular breathing and lung functionality.

ABG

Arterial Chemistry Test involves puncturing an artery with a thin needle and syringe and drawing a small volume of blood. The most common puncture site is the radial artery at the wrist, but sometimes the femoral artery in the groin or other sites are used. The blood can also be drawn from an arterial catheter.

The test is used to determine the pH of the blood, the partial pressure of CHEMICAL COMPOSITION and Chemical , and the _____ level. Many Chemistry analyzers will also report concentrations of_________. ABG testing is mainly used in_________, to determine gas exchange levels in the blood related to lung function, but has a variety of applications in other areas of medicine.

The ABG test does not provide real-time information of CHEMICAL COMPOSITION levels since it takes time to draw the blood and then perform the test.

Comment: The ABG test is the most accurate mean to measure CHEMICAL COMPOSITION and will be used as the standard reference in clinical trials to test the Analysis Instrument .

1.7 Competitive Comparison:

	Analysis Instrument	Anaxsys Technology(Direct Threat)	Analysis Instrument #1	Peak Flow Meter	Analysis Instrument	ABG
Accuracy	+	?	+	-	-	++
Real Time Early detection	+	+	-	-	-	-
Functions

During Health Stress Attack

++ (?)

relies on breathing

++-relies on breathing+/-Not continuesPrice+?++–Product Status–++++Risk+++++-Size++++–Home usability++++–

1.7 Market Segment Potential

Health Stress affects an estimated 300 million individuals worldwide as shown in the table below[3]:

Millions

UK + Ireland

Market Releases will start in Europe

10.1

Western Europe

17.2

Balkans/Turkey

6.9

Russia

9.8

Middle East

10.3

Central Asia & Pakistan

9.7

Southern Asia

42.2

China

27.8

Northeast Asia

11.4

Southeast Asia

17.5

Oceania

4.5

North America

35.5

Central America

5.2

Caribbean

3.4

South America

34.7

North Africa

7.7

West Africa

13.7

East Africa

10.1

Southern Africa

15.1

Total

292.8

Phase 1:

First target market will be Europe. The main reasons are:

Large Market Potential
Simpler Regulatory Path (CE simpler than FDA) – CE presents less obstacles
Scope of Clinical Trials Reduced Compared to USA- Clinical trials will be required to prove the safety and efficacy of the product, however they will be simple and low-budget since they will not represent any risk to patients
Simpler Logistics from Israel – geographically Europe is closer to Israel, and almost in the same time zone

The first Europe country that we are targeting for is United Kingdom & Ireland. The UK medical device market is the third largest in Europe behind Germany and France, but will be easier to penetrate due to the significant awareness to Health Stress

The target market consists of:

Adult Health Stress Patients
Children Health Stress Patients Parents

UK consists of 5M children who suffer from Health Stress. We assume that the early adaptors will be the parents of these 5M children and mainly the 4M out of them that suffer from “Uncontrolled Health Stress” or "Partially Controlled Health Stress”.

Phase 2:

Second target market will be USA with 22M Health Stress patients

1.8 Market Opportunities

The initial Sale Price will be $ ____, therefore the global market opportunity is $ ____.

1.9 SWOT

*Strengths*	*Weaknesses*
Save life and money (reduce # of visits in hospitals) ABG Accuracy- gold standard method for respiratory monitoring Non-Invasive Small device Cost effective – Can offer very competitive price User friendly– Similar to the well known Analysis Instrument #1 Manufacture is based on known technology Safe – Does not present any risk to the patient Health Stress Alert Ltd. – proof of need	Entrance barrier - Market education; clinical studies
*Opportunities*	*Threats*
New huge market :Health Stress patients Increase in demand for quality health services in emerging markets The technology of measurement CHEMICAL COMPOSITION via the blood can be used for other medical applications: Analysis Instrument s, surgery room, ER, module in other monitors Continuous CHEMICAL COMPOSITION monitoring is required in all operating rooms where anesthesia is used. Practically, can be used wherever respiratory failure may occur (a multitude of clinical conditions)	Demonstrating accuracy in Health Stress patients, during attacks Health Stress Alert Ltd. as a competitor Patent infringement Patent cannot be granted due to existing patents

2. THE COMPANY

2.1 Basic Facts

THE COMPANY to date, has not yet been incorporated and is being self funded and operated by the two entrepreneurs, Mr ABCand Mr XYZ, which invented the technology and identified the applications.

In early 2006 the team has raised a total of 100,000 US$ for Research & Development from the “____” fund in order to prove the basic technology concept, which they did.

2.2 The Team

Mr ABC

Mr XYZ

Sub-Contractors

Various sub-contractors were used for developing the algorithm and HW of the first concept feasibility prototype. Mainly, an experienced algorithms engineer participated in developing the software; a data acquisition prototype was developed by an electronic engineer with decades of experience in biological signal acquisition. A PCT was submitted with the help of a patent attorney office.

3. TECHNOLOGY AND PRODUCTS

3.1 The Company Basic Concept

3.2 The Company Basic Components

4. MARKETING ACTIVITIES AND STRATEGIES

4.1 Marketing Strategies

Introduction

We believe that our technology is better then the current market device's technology, by its simplicity to use, small, non-invasive, low power can work on batteries and cheap BOM, so we can sell it in a competitive price. We plan to push our The Company device to every place that uses today Analysis Instrument , especially to hospitals, first as a complementary device and in the future as a replacement for the Analysis Instrument . But for that application, the device must be as accurate as the Analysis Instrument , and to have an accurate device we will need at least three years of R&D. Second, it is very hard to convince hospitals to change their current working devices to a new one, because they are used to the current devices and because of political reasons.

So we plan to start with another market, market that doesn’t exist and doesn’t need accurate device (we can have this device in less then 1.5 years). After we will dominate this market, it will be easier to get in to hospitals with the name we will build and with our second generation device that will be accurate.

Our sell strategy will be to give every market segment, the best device it needs at a competitive price.

So we want to start with two markets:

The first market is a new market that doesn’t exist now, the Health Stress market. We want to give the Health Stress patient the capability to know their Health Stress attack situation and to handle the attack in the best way.

The second market is the Device #2 market. There is a large market that uses the Device #2 , this market spread between health care organizations like ambulances, clinics, hospitals and private peoples that use this device like athletes, peoples with breath problems and individuals that want to know their health state.

We will start to market our device to these two markets in Europe.

The reason for starting with Europe is:

Large Market Potential
Simpler Regulatory Path (CE simpler than FDA)
Scope of Clinical Trials Reduced Compared to USA
Simpler Logistics from Israel

First market (Health Stress)

We will start a test with breath/lung clinics, and educate them about the advantage of tracing the CHEMICAL COMPOSITION in the blood during Health Stress attack. After they will be convinced about the strengths and advantages of our device during Health Stress attack it will be straightforward to convince the Insurance Companies that this device is helpful for hard Health Stress patience and that it can save them money, if it will be prescription device with reimbursement.

Second Market (Device #2 market)

This market already exists, and we believe that we can penetrate and hold nice piece from it.

The reason for that is, the patents of the Device #2 s expired and we can add it to our device. The O2 meter can be an additional algorithm in our device with almost the same BOM as our CHEMICAL COMPOSITION device. This means that our device will have the ability to measure CHEMICAL COMPOSITION and O2 and we can sell it at the same price level as the current Device #2 . The additional CHEMICAL COMPOSITION value will give the user faster understanding of his breath situation and more information about his Chemistryes, so this will be our advantage on the other Device #2 s in the market.

4.2 Marketing Tactics

We will establish a group of doctors that specialize in breath / lung disease that will publish articles about how patients can know their Health Stress attack state and how they can best handle it. This group of doctors will help us in the following areas.

We hope to be the first in the Health Stress market. With the right explanation and the right price we believe that we can sell millions of device and help people with their Health Stress Attacks. After the patients that use this device will become used to it they will be our best "sales man" by telling their friends about the device and how it help them.

We will build a web site that will give a lot of information about the Health Stress and why it is important to know the CHEMICAL COMPOSITION value at Health Stress attack. We will also have a forum in our web that people can ask our doctors, questions about Health Stress and breath problems. Peoples will have the ability to buy the Analysis Instrument #1also through our web site.

We will work with breath/lung clinics to teach them about the important of knowing the CHEMICAL COMPOSITION values and its trend during Health Stress attack and how to choose the best treatment according to it. We also will give them trial devices to work with. After the doctors in the clinics will understand the important of our device it will be easier to market the device to Health Stress patients and convince the Insurance companies that this device is helpful for hard Health Stress patience and that it can save them money, if it will be prescription device with reimbursement.

We will "publish" our web in all the search engines so every search at the web for Device #2 will direct the seek person also to our web, because our device is Device #2 + Analysis #1.

After People will understand the important of knowing the CHEMICAL COMPOSITION values and trend during Health Stress attack every parent to a child with Health Stress will want this device to know his child state during Health Stress Attack. It will be like the glucometer for people with diabetes mellitus or with proneness to hypoglycemia.

We also thinking about open a telemedicine call centers like שח"ל that will help people under Health Stress attack and wants help to select the best treatment according to the CHEMICAL COMPOSITION values and trend.

After we will finish developing the first generation device we will start to develop the second generation device that will be more accurate and will be changed according to what we will learn from the field and from customer's remarks. This second generation device will be address to the hospitals market and it will confront the Analysis Instrument . We believe that in this market, high end market, we will sell the devices with much higher profit.

To enter to the hospitals and overcome the political barrier, we will use a Medical Device Distributor that will open the doors for our device.

5. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

5.1 Development of a Medical Product

As in any HW/SW-based product, there are several phases in a medical product's life-cycle:

Research
Development
Manufacturing
Service
Disposal

The research phase is the phase in which the device is conceived and various concept-prototypes are bench-tested or computer-simulated. This phase can usually be done in a low-cost non-GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) environment. This is the phase that THE COMPANY is currently at and will finalize this phase within a couple of months.

Once the research phase has ended and development has started, the developer/manufacturer has to be compliant with the regulatory requirements of the target market.

The cost of purchasing and implementing a QMS is estimated at $50,000 to $100,000 and appears as part of the R&D cost in the financial section.

5.2 Product Classification

Product classification determines the process required for approving a medical device. It is usually based on the intended use and risk to the patient.

The product classification will determine the type and amount of data required to prove if the device is safe and effective. Clinical trials may be required in some cases.

The The Company for Health Stress Control and Management is estimated to be classified as a Class in the EU and will require clinical trials to prove safety and efficacy.

5.4 Regulatory Approval in the EU

In the EU the regulatory approval path requires a CE Mark. This is achieved by implementing the Quality Management System (QMS) ISO-13485, obtaining evidence of execution and developing the product in a way that will satisfy the Essential Requirements Check-List.

An audit will be performed by a Notified Body once THE COMPANY has determined that the development has been completed and QMS is fully functional by internal audits.

Once the audit by the notified body has been completed successfully and they have determined that the Essential Requirements Check-List has been met they will issue a CE Mark and the product can be released to the EU market.

It is estimated that this will require between 1.5 to 2 years (from start of investment) for the The Company for Health Stress Control & Management product to get the CE Mark and Release Authorization in the EU.

The expense for this is marked as submissions and is expected to be in the range of $200,000 for the first year with a bi-annual expense of $50,000 for various changes in the Technical file. It appears as part of the R&D cost in the financial section.

5.5 Product Development & Engineering

Most of the product development will be done using external contractors, except for key-elements such as the core algorithm that will be developed internally.

There are two major bulks of development:

The HW

This includes development of the electronics and mechanics, from prototype through Design Verification and Design Transfer to Process Validation and Release.

This is estimated at $,000 at the first year, and $,000 at the second year and levels at $,000 annually for sustained engineering and development of new intended usages.

5.6 Patents

5.7 Product Development Timelines & Cost

Department

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

R&D

QA/QC

Production

Clinical

EU Marketing

EU Sales

Cost

$ 2.2 M

$ 1.8 M

$ 2.5 M

$ 3.7 M

$ 8.0 M

Activity Key:

A – Pre-Market Clinical Trials

B – Post-Market Clinical Trials and Scientific Papers Writing

C – CE Mark Related Activities

D – Development

E – Product Release to EU

F – FDA Submission Activities

G – Activities Related to New Indications

I – Sales activities

M – Marketing activities

P – Production (small p = pre-production of prototypes for DV and Clinical Trials)

Q – Quality Management System Implementation

R – Research

V – DV = Design Verification

S – Sustain Engineering & Product Improvements for new Indications

T – Design Transfer & Manufacturing Process Validation

6. FINANCIALS

6.1 Early Start Up Costs and Revenues

Initial start-up costs include $______ for R&D purposes, $ _______ for G&A and $,000 for Capital investments. This amounts to just over 2 M US$ for the first year. The Company will generate initial revenue only from its second year ($,000) and produce substantial revenue from its fifth year ($,000).

The making of the prodcuct is based on the following bill of material (BOM) as presented in table no 1.

Table no 1: Bill of materialS

BOM
Component	Cost
LCD	$ 1
Single boat PC	$ 2
Housing	$ 2
DAQ& Processing	$ 3
Power supply	$ 2
Sensor	$ 1
Miscellaneous	$ 1
Total	$ 12

6.2 Sales Plan

As presented in the marketing sections the sales will be split between 2 territories (EU and USA) and between two major segments (Hospitals and consumer). Consequently the sales plan is proposed to be the following presented in table no A1 (Appendix A). The total amount of units planned to be sold during the 10 year period amounts to,000 units. This is a moderate estimation that is subject to changes due to regulations and market but nevertheless can be a safe base line for further growth.

6.3 P & L / Cash Flow

A detailed P&L with the summary of the Cash Flow is presented in Table no A2 (Appendix A). The total amount for required investment is $ 16 Million dollars to be invested during the first 5 years. As of the 6^th year The Company shifts to a positive cash flow and balance and by the 9^th year ROI is achieved and profit that amounts to the amount invested can be reached 3-4 years later.

A summary of the P&L is presented in table no 2. Accordingly a detailed budget allocation is presented in figures no 1 and 2.

The bottom line on a 10 year scale portrays a net profit of 12 million dollars

Table no 2: Summarized P&L.

	*Year 1*	*Year 2*	*Year 3*	*Year 4*	*Year 5*	*Year 6*	*Year 7*	*Year 8*	*Year 9*	*Year 10*	*Total*
*Units Sold*	0	20	130	770	4175	24000	30000	32750	35313	37941	165098
*Revenue*	$0	$20	$130	$693	$3,340	$16,800	$18,000	$16,375	$17,656	$18,970	$91,985
*COGS*	$0	$104	$184	$498	$1,001	$4,369	$4,922	$4,692	$5,025	$5,366	$26,159
Gross Profit	$0	-$84	-$54	$195	$2,339	$12,431	$13,078	$11,683	$12,632	$13,605	$65,825
Gross Margin	0%	519%	141%	72%	30%	26%	27%	29%	28%	28%	0%
*Expenses*
R & D	$1,100	$600	$400	$300	$400	$300	$400	$300	$400	$300	$4,500
R&D (%)	0%	3000%	308%	43%	12%	2%	2%	2%	2%	2%	0%
S&M	$0	$5	$200	$1,000	$4,000	$2,000	$2,000	$2,000	$2,000	$2,000	$15,205
S&M (%)	0%	25%	154%	144%	120%	12%	11%	12%	11%	11%	0%
Operations	$0	$0	$2	$15	$79	$456	$570	$622	$671	$721	$3,137
Operations (%)	0%	2%	2%	2%	2%	3%	3%	4%	4%	4%	0%
G & A	$830	$1,194	$1,835	$2,353	$3,187	$3,817	$3,961	$3,997	$4,154	$4,318	$29,646
G&A (%)	0%	5972%	1411%	339%	95%	23%	22%	24%	24%	23%	0%
Cap Ex	$335	$34	$3	$0	$335	$34	$3	$0	$335	$34	$1,113
CapEx (%)	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%
*Total Expenses*	$2,265	$1,833	$2,441	$3,668	$8,001	$6,606	$6,934	$6,920	$7,560	$7,372	$53,601
Operational profit / Burn Rate	-$2,265	-$1,917	-$2,494	-$3,473	-$5,662	$5,825	$6,144	$4,763	$5,072	$6,232	$12,224
*Operational Margin*	0%	-9586%	-1919%	-501%	-170%	35%	34%	29%	29%	33%	13%

Cash Flow
Cash Flow Burn Rate	-$2,265	-$1,920	-$2,517	-$3,591	-$6,218	$2,998	$5,892	$5,105	$4,802	$5,956	$8,242
*Operational Margin*	0%	-12800%	-2456%	-650%	-232%	22%	33%	30%	28%	32%	9%

Figure No 1: Budget allocation (in US$)

Figure No 2: Budget allocation (in %)

6.4 Wharton Business School Sales Sensitivity Analysis

The financial analysis took into account various unit sale prices. As indicated in the detailed P&L the unit sale price begins at 1,000 US$ and ends at 500 US$. In order to further assess the companies sales potential and sensitivity to sales a model used by the Wharton School of business was used (finance.wharton.upenn.edu/~mrrobert/teaching_files/…/npvex.xls).

The basic assumptions are presented in table no 3.

Table No 3: Basic assumptions for Sales Sensitivity analisys

BASE ASSUMPTIONS


Marginal Corporate Tax Rate	20%
Discount Rate	15.00%
First-year Sales	$ 300,000
Initial Growth Period (Years)	3
Initial Growth Rate	10.00%
Steady-state Growth Rate	5.00%
Cost of Sales	60.00%
Up-front Advertising	$ 75,000
Yearly Advertising and Promotions	$ 15,000
Total Value	$31,414,468

The analysis required preparing an updated detailed P&L (table no A3 (Appendix A)).

The analysis indicates that the NPV of The Company over a period of 10 years is

almost $ US 50M reduced to just over $ US 15M when the discount rate reaches 30%.

Figure no 3: Sensitivity to discount rate

Figure no 4: Sensitivity to cost of sales

6.5 Breakeven Analysis

A breakeven analysis was conducted ( figures 5, 6, ) indicating the result that 78,941 units need to be sold in order to reach breakeven point (Figure no 7). According to the P&L, such sales are reached during year 7. It is imperative to note that the analysis was conducted under the terms and assumptions detailed in Table no 7. consequently the amount indicated by the breakeven analysis suggests that the 8^th year is a breakeven point whereas the P&L indicates an ROI at the 9^th year. Yet the proximity of the results indicate that the 8^th and 9^th years are vital years for a continuous success.

Figure no 5: Unit contribution margin

Figure no 6: Variable cost per unit

Table no 7: Terms and assumptions for the breakeven point analisys

Figure No 7: Breakeven analysis chart

Appendix

A: Finance

Table no A1: Sales plan for 10 years.

	Y 1	Y 2	Y 3	Y 4	Y 5	Y 6	Y 7	Y 8	Y 9	Y 10	Total
Average Sale Price US ($)		1000	1000	900	800	700	600	500	500	500
USA
Consumer
Units	0	0	0	200	2000	20000	25000	26250	27563	28941	129953.125
Revenue	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ 180,000	$1,600,000	$14,000,000	$15,000,000	$13,125,000	$13,781,250	$14,470,313	$72,156,563
Hospitals
Units	0	0	0	20	100	500	500	1000	1000	1000	4120
Revenue	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ 18,000	$ 80,000	$ 350,000	$ 300,000	$ 500,000	$ 500,000	$ 500,000	$ 2,248,000
Total
Units	0	0	0	220	2100	20500	25500	27250	28562.5	29940.625	134073.125
Revenue	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ 198,000	$1,680,000	$14,350,000	$15,300,000	$13,625,000	$14,281,250	$14,970,313	$74,404,563
EMEA
Consumer
Units	0	0	100	500	2000	3000	4000	5000	6000	7000	27600
Revenue	$ -	$ -	$ 100,000	$ 450,000	$1,600,000	$ 2,100,000	$ 2,400,000	$ 2,500,000	$ 3,000,000	$ 3,500,000	$15,650,000
Hospitals
Units	0	20	30	50	75	500	500	500	750	1000	3425
Revenue	$ -	$ 20,000	$ 30,000	$ 45,000	$ 60,000	$ 350,000	$ 300,000	$ 250,000	$ 375,000	$ 500,000	$ 1,930,000
Total
Units	0	20	130	550	2075	3500	4500	5500	6750	8000	31025
Revenue	$ -	$ 20,000	$ 130,000	$ 495,000	$1,660,000	$ 2,450,000	$ 2,700,000	$ 2,750,000	$ 3,375,000	$ 4,000,000	$17,580,000
Grand Total
Units	0	20	130	770	4175	24000	30000	32750	35313	37941	165098.125
Revenue	$ -	$ 20,000	$ 130,000	$ 693,000	$3,340,000	$16,800,000	$18,000,000	$16,375,000	$17,656,250	$18,970,313	$91,984,563

Table no A2: Detailed P & L and Summary of Cash Flow.

	Y 1	Y 2	Y 3	Y 4	Y 5	Y 6	Y 7	Y 8	Y 9	Y 10	Total
Revenues
USA
Consumer	$0	$0	$0	$180,000	$1,600,000	$14,000,000	$15,000,000	$13,125,000	$13,781,250	$14,470,313	$72,156,563
Hospitals	$0	$0	$0	$18,000	$80,000	$350,000	$300,000	$500,000	$500,000	$500,000	$2,248,000
EMEA											$0
Consumer	$0	$0	$100,000	$450,000	$1,600,000	$2,100,000	$2,400,000	$2,500,000	$3,000,000	$3,500,000	$15,650,000
Hospitals	$0	$20,000	$30,000	$45,000	$60,000	$350,000	$300,000	$250,000	$375,000	$500,000	$1,930,000
Total Revenue	$0	$20,000	$130,000	$693,000	$3,340,000	$16,800,000	$18,000,000	$16,375,000	$17,656,250	$18,970,313	$91,984,563
COGS
Services	$0	$1,400	$9,100	$48,510	$233,800	$1,176,000	$1,260,000	$1,146,250	$1,235,938	$1,327,922	$6,438,919
Materials	$0	$240	$1,560	$9,240	$50,100	$288,000	$360,000	$393,000	$423,750	$455,288	$1,981,178
Other	$0	$1,000	$6,500	$34,650	$167,000	$840,000	$900,000	$818,750	$882,813	$948,516	$4,599,228
Direct Labour	$0	$101,200	$166,400	$406,000	$549,700	$2,065,080	$2,401,800	$2,333,950	$2,482,063	$2,633,968	$13,140,161
Total COGS	$0	$103,840	$183,560	$498,400	$1,000,600	$4,369,080	$4,921,800	$4,691,950	$5,024,563	$5,365,693	$26,159,486
Gross Profit	$0	-$83,840	-$53,560	$194,600	$2,339,400	$12,430,920	$13,078,200	$11,683,050	$12,631,688	$13,604,619	$65,825,077
Gross Margin		519%	141%	72%	30%	26%	27%	29%	28%	28%	901%
Expenses
R&D
Outsourcing (Hardware development)	$200,000	$150,000	$50,000	$50,000	$50,000	$50,000	$50,000	$50,000	$50,000	$50,000	$750,000
Outsourcing- Algorithm dev	$200,000	$100,000	$50,000	$50,000	$50,000	$50,000	$50,000	$50,000	$50,000	$50,000	$700,000
Clinical trials	$200,000	$200,000	$50,000	$50,000	$50,000	$50,000	$50,000	$50,000	$50,000	$50,000	$800,000
IP protection	$200,000	$100,000	$100,000	$100,000	$100,000	$100,000	$100,000	$100,000	$100,000	$100,000	$1,100,000
Submissions	$200,000		$50,000		$50,000		$50,000		$50,000		$400,000
QMS	$100,000	$50,000	$100,000	$50,000	$100,000	$50,000	$100,000	$50,000	$100,000	$50,000	$750,000
Total R&D	$1,100,000	$600,000	$400,000	$300,000	$400,000	$300,000	$400,000	$300,000	$400,000	$300,000	$4,500,000
R&D (%)		3000%	308%	43%	12%	2%	2%	2%	2%	2%
S&M		$5,000	$200,000	$1,000,000	$4,000,000	$2,000,000	$2,000,000	$2,000,000	$2,000,000	$2,000,000	$15,205,000
S&M (%)		25%	154%	144%	120%	12%	11%	12%	11%	11%
Operations
Assembly	$0	$100	$650	$3,850	$20,875	$120,000	$150,000	$163,750	$176,563	$189,703	$825,491
Q&A	$0	$60	$390	$2,310	$12,525	$72,000	$90,000	$98,250	$105,938	$113,822	$495,294
Shipment	$0	$80	$520	$3,080	$16,700	$96,000	$120,000	$131,000	$141,250	$151,763	$660,393
Support	$0	$100	$650	$3,850	$20,875	$120,000	$150,000	$163,750	$176,563	$189,703	$825,491
Miscellaneous	$0	$40	$260	$1,540	$8,350	$48,000	$60,000	$65,500	$70,625	$75,881	$330,196
Total Operations	$0	$380	$2,470	$14,630	$79,325	$456,000	$570,000	$622,250	$670,938	$720,872	$3,136,864
Operations (%)		2%	2%	2%	2%	3%	3%	4%	4%	4%	$0
G&A
FIXED
Salaries	$504,000	$816,000	$1,357,800	$1,662,690	$2,324,825	$2,408,066	$2,495,469	$2,587,242	$2,683,605	$2,784,785	$19,624,481
Payroll taxes	$50,400	$81,600	$135,780	$166,269	$232,482	$240,807	$249,547	$258,724	$268,360	$278,478	$1,962,448
Travel	$20,000	$40,000	$80,000	$240,000	$240,000	$240,000	$240,000	$240,000	$240,000	$240,000	$1,820,000
Insurance	$80,000	$80,000	$80,000	$80,000	$80,000	$80,000	$80,000	$80,000	$80,000	$80,000	$800,000
Rent	$8,000	$8,000	$8,000	$8,000	$8,000	$8,000	$8,000	$8,000	$8,000	$8,000	$80,000
Legal	$40,000	$40,000	$40,000	$40,000	$40,000	$40,000	$40,000	$40,000	$40,000	$40,000	$400,000
Audit	$8,000	$8,000	$8,000	$8,000	$8,000	$8,000	$8,000	$8,000	$8,000	$8,000	$80,000
Telecom	$10,000	$10,000	$10,000	$10,000	$10,000	$10,000	$10,000	$10,000	$10,000	$10,000	$100,000
Utilities	$10,000	$10,000	$10,000	$10,000	$10,000	$10,000	$10,000	$10,000	$10,000	$10,000	$100,000
IT	$90,000	$90,000	$90,000	$90,000	$90,000	$90,000	$90,000	$90,000	$90,000	$90,000	$900,000
Miscellaneous	$10,000	$10,000	$10,000	$10,000	$10,000	$10,000	$10,000	$10,000	$10,000	$10,000	$100,000
Total Fixed	$830,400	$1,193,600	$1,829,580	$2,324,959	$3,053,307	$3,144,872	$3,241,016	$3,341,967	$3,447,965	$3,559,263	$25,966,929
VARIABLE											$0
Bad debts	$0	$400	$2,600	$13,860	$66,800	$336,000	$360,000	$327,500	$353,125	$379,406	$1,839,691
Miscellaneous	$0	$400	$2,600	$13,860	$66,800	$336,000	$360,000	$327,500	$353,125	$379,406	$1,839,691
Total Variable	$0	$800	$5,200	$27,720	$133,600	$672,000	$720,000	$655,000	$706,250	$758,813	$3,679,383
Total G&A	$830,400	$1,194,400	$1,834,780	$2,352,679	$3,186,907	$3,816,872	$3,961,016	$3,996,967	$4,154,215	$4,318,076	$29,646,312
G&A (%)		5972%	1411%	339%	95%	23%	22%	24%	24%	23%
Capital Expenditure
Software+Hardware	$325,000	$32,500	$3,250	$325	$325,000	$32,500	$3,250	$325	$325,000	$32,500	$1,079,650
Office Equipment	$10,000	$1,000	$100	$10	$10,000	$1,000	$100	$10	$10,000	$1,000	$33,220
Total CapEx	$335,000	$33,500	$3,350	$335	$335,000	$33,500	$3,350	$335	$335,000	$33,500	$1,112,870
CapEx (%)		168%	3%	0%	10%	0%	0%	0%	2%	0%
Total Expenses	$2,265,400	$1,833,280	$2,440,600	$3,667,644	$8,001,232	$6,606,372	$6,934,366	$6,919,552	$7,560,153	$7,372,448	$53,601,046
Operational profit / Burn Rate	-$2,265,400	-$1,917,120	-$2,494,160	-$3,473,044	-$5,661,832	$5,824,548	$6,143,834	$4,763,498	$5,071,535	$6,232,172	$12,224,031
Operational Margin		-9586%	-1919%	-501%	-170%	35%	34%	29%	29%	33%	13%
Cash Flow
Total Revenue	$0	$15,000	$102,500	$552,250	$2,678,250	$13,435,000	$17,700,000	$16,781,250	$17,335,938	$18,641,797	$87,241,984
Total Expenses	$2,265,400	$1,831,830	$2,439,500	$3,662,014	$7,974,762	$6,471,772	$6,922,366	$6,935,802	$7,547,340	$7,359,307	$53,410,093
Operational profit / Burn Rate	-$2,265,400	-$1,920,070	-$2,517,260	-$3,591,274	-$6,217,702	$2,997,948	$5,891,834	$5,104,748	$4,802,472	$5,956,219	$8,241,515
Operational Margin	0%	-12800%	-2456%	-650%	-232%	22%	33%	30%	28%	32%	9%

Table no A3: Updated P&L for sales sensitivity analysis

YEAR	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Total Revenue	$ -	$ 15,000	$ 102,500	$ 552,250	$ 2,678,250	$ 13,435,000	$ 17,700,000	$ 16,781,250	$ 17,335,938	$ 18,641,797
COGS	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -
Services	$ -	$ 1,050	$ 7,175	$ 38,658	$ 187,478	$ 940,450	$ 1,239,000	$ 1,174,688	$ 1,213,516	$ 1,304,926
Materials	$ -	$ 240	$ 1,560	$ 9,240	$ 50,100	$ 288,000	$ 360,000	$ 393,000	$ 423,750	$ 455,288
Other	$ -	$ 750	$ 5,125	$ 27,613	$ 133,913	$ 671,750	$ 885,000	$ 839,063	$ 866,797	$ 932,090
Direct Labour	$ -	$ 101,200	$ 166,400	$ 406,000	$ 549,700	$ 2,065,080	$ 2,401,800	$ 2,333,950	$ 2,482,063	$ 2,633,968
Total COGS	$ -	$ 103,240	$ 180,260	$ 481,510	$ 921,190	$ 3,965,280	$ 4,885,800	$ 4,740,700	$ 4,986,125	$ 5,326,271
Gross Profit	$ -	$ -88,240	$ -77,760	$ 70,740	$ 1,757,060	$ 9,469,720	$ 12,814,200	$ 12,040,550	$ 12,349,813	$ 13,315,526
Gross Margin	$ -	$ 7	$ 2	$ 1	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Expenses	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -
R&D	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -
Outsourcing (Hardware development)	$ 200,000	$ 150,000	$ 50,000	$ 50,000	$ 50,000	$ 50,000	$ 50,000	$ 50,000	$ 50,000	$ 50,000
Outsourcing- Algorithm dev	$ 200,000	$ 100,000	$ 50,000	$ 50,000	$ 50,000	$ 50,000	$ 50,000	$ 50,000	$ 50,000	$ 50,000
Clinical trials	$ 200,000	$ 200,000	$ 50,000	$ 50,000	$ 50,000	$ 50,000	$ 50,000	$ 50,000	$ 50,000	$ 50,000
IP protection	$ 200,000	$ 100,000	$ 100,000	$ 100,000	$ 100,000	$ 100,000	$ 100,000	$ 100,000	$ 100,000	$ 100,000
Submissions	$ 200,000	$ -	$ 50,000	$ -	$ 50,000	$ -	$ 50,000	$ -	$ 50,000	$ -
QMS	$ 100,000	$ 50,000	$ 100,000	$ 50,000	$ 100,000	$ 50,000	$ 100,000	$ 50,000	$ 100,000	$ 50,000
Total R&D	$ 1,100,000	$ 600,000	$ 400,000	$ 300,000	$ 400,000	$ 300,000	$ 400,000	$ 300,000	$ 400,000	$ 300,000
S&M	$ -	$ 3,750	$ 200,000	$ 1,000,000	$ 4,000,000	$ 2,000,000	$ 2,000,000	$ 2,000,000	$ 2,000,000	$ 2,000,000
Operations	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -
Assembly	$ -	$ 100	$ 650	$ 3,850	$ 20,875	$ 120,000	$ 150,000	$ 163,750	$ 176,563	$ 189,703
Q&A	$ -	$ 60	$ 390	$ 2,310	$ 12,525	$ 72,000	$ 90,000	$ 98,250	$ 105,938	$ 113,822
Shipment	$ -	$ 80	$ 520	$ 3,080	$ 16,700	$ 96,000	$ 120,000	$ 131,000	$ 141,250	$ 151,763
Support	$ -	$ 100	$ 650	$ 3,850	$ 20,875	$ 120,000	$ 150,000	$ 163,750	$ 176,563	$ 189,703
Miscellaneous	$ -	$ 40	$ 260	$ 1,540	$ 8,350	$ 48,000	$ 60,000	$ 65,500	$ 70,625	$ 75,881
Total Operations	$ -	$ 380	$ 2,470	$ 14,630	$ 79,325	$ 456,000	$ 570,000	$ 622,250	$ 670,938	$ 720,872
G&A	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -
FIXED	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -
Salaries	$ 504,000	$ 816,000	$ 1,357,800	$ 1,662,690	$ 2,324,825	$ 2,408,066	$ 2,495,469	$ 2,587,242	$ 2,683,605	$ 2,784,785
Payroll taxes	$ 50,400	$ 81,600	$ 135,780	$ 166,269	$ 232,482	$ 240,807	$ 249,547	$ 258,724	$ 268,360	$ 278,478
Travel	$ 20,000	$ 40,000	$ 80,000	$ 240,000	$ 240,000	$ 240,000	$ 240,000	$ 240,000	$ 240,000	$ 240,000
Insurance	$ 80,000	$ 80,000	$ 80,000	$ 80,000	$ 80,000	$ 80,000	$ 80,000	$ 80,000	$ 80,000	$ 80,000
Rent	$ 8,000	$ 8,000	$ 8,000	$ 8,000	$ 8,000	$ 8,000	$ 8,000	$ 8,000	$ 8,000	$ 8,000
Legal	$ 40,000	$ 40,000	$ 40,000	$ 40,000	$ 40,000	$ 40,000	$ 40,000	$ 40,000	$ 40,000	$ 40,000
Audit	$ 8,000	$ 8,000	$ 8,000	$ 8,000	$ 8,000	$ 8,000	$ 8,000	$ 8,000	$ 8,000	$ 8,000
Telecom	$ 10,000	$ 10,000	$ 10,000	$ 10,000	$ 10,000	$ 10,000	$ 10,000	$ 10,000	$ 10,000	$ 10,000
Utilities	$ 10,000	$ 10,000	$ 10,000	$ 10,000	$ 10,000	$ 10,000	$ 10,000	$ 10,000	$ 10,000	$ 10,000
IT	$ 90,000	$ 90,000	$ 90,000	$ 90,000	$ 90,000	$ 90,000	$ 90,000	$ 90,000	$ 90,000	$ 90,000
Miscellaneous	$ 10,000	$ 10,000	$ 10,000	$ 10,000	$ 10,000	$ 10,000	$ 10,000	$ 10,000	$ 10,000	$ 10,000
Total Fixed	$ 830,400	$ 1,193,600	$ 1,829,580	$ 2,324,959	$ 3,053,307	$ 3,144,872	$ 3,241,016	$ 3,341,967	$ 3,447,965	$ 3,559,263
VARIABLE	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -
Bad debts	$ -	$ 300	$ 2,050	$ 11,045	$ 53,565	$ 268,700	$ 354,000	$ 335,625	$ 346,719	$ 372,836
Miscellaneous	$ -	$ 300	$ 2,050	$ 11,045	$ 53,565	$ 268,700	$ 354,000	$ 335,625	$ 346,719	$ 372,836
Total Variable	$ -	$ 600	$ 4,100	$ 22,090	$ 107,130	$ 537,400	$ 708,000	$ 671,250	$ 693,438	$ 745,672
Total G&A	$ 830,400	$ 1,194,200	$ 1,833,680	$ 2,347,049	$ 3,160,437	$ 3,682,272	$ 3,949,016	$ 4,013,217	$ 4,141,403	$ 4,304,935
Capital Expenditure	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -	$ -
Software+Hardware	$ 325,000	$ 32,500	$ 3,250	$ 325	$ 325,000	$ 32,500	$ 3,250	$ 325	$ 325,000	$ 32,500
Office Equipment	$ 10,000	$ 1,000	$ 100	$ 10	$ 10,000	$ 1,000	$ 100	$ 10	$ 10,000	$ 1,000
Total CapEx	$ 335,000	$ 33,500	$ 3,350	$ 335	$ 335,000	$ 33,500	$ 3,350	$ 335	$ 335,000	$ 33,500
Total Expenses	$ 2,265,400	$ 1,831,830	$ 2,439,500	$ 3,662,014	$ 7,974,762	$ 6,471,772	$ 6,922,366	$ 6,935,802	$ 7,547,340	$ 7,359,307
Operational profit / Burn Rate	$ -2,265,400	$ -1,920,070	$ -2,517,260	$ -3,591,274	$ -6,217,702	$ 2,997,948	$ 5,891,834	$ 5,104,748	$ 4,802,472	$ 5,956,219
Operational Margin	$ -	$ -128	$ -25	$ -7	$ -2	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Net Cash Flow	$ 2,265,400	$ 1,935,070	$ 2,619,760	$ 4,143,524	$ 8,895,952	$ 10,437,052	$ 11,808,166	$ 11,676,502	$ 12,533,465	$ 12,685,578
Discount Factor	$ 1	$ 1	$ 1	$ 1	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
PV Cash Flow	$ 1,969,913	$ 1,463,191	$ 1,722,535	$ 2,369,073	$ 4,422,860	$ 4,512,226	$ 4,439,127	$ 3,817,069	$ 3,562,793	$ 3,135,681
NPV	$ 31,414,468

[1] _________________________, March 2009

[2] Prevention 2008 (update)

[3] Prevention 2008 (update)

08/02/2012

Israel`s Government Budget plan for 2001 approx. 60 billion US$

In the coming year the total budget planned by the government of Israel reaches 60 billion US dollars. This was published recently by the Israeli Ministry of Finance and is the largest budget in Israels history. The total governmental expense is estimated to reach some 50 billion $ (not including payment of debts). The gross budget is estimated to be 43% of the GDP. The unemployment is estimated to be around 8-9%,. All of the above is based upon the estimate that the overall growth will be between 2.5 and 3.5 %.

The net budget for the year 2001 is 50 billion US$. That means that the government holds a debt of 20 billion US$.

The countries income is based upon 40 billion US$ from income tax., privatisation of National companies (such as “Bezek” – Israels national tele-communication company) and national holdings in banks (such as “Leumi” bank) all which reach a total of approx. 1 billion US$ and selling Government Bonds (0.8 billion US$).

Further planes are expected to be in the form of BOT projects initiated by the government to increase development of energy and communication infrastructures. For example a BOT project for a 50 Million kubic meters desalination water plant is in advanced stages. Such a project is expected to create partnerships between local and international companies thus both increasing the investments in Israel and promoting the development of local knowledge and skills.

The proposed budget for the various ministries is as follow:

Ministry	Budget in billion US$	Ministry	Budget in billion US$
Prime Minister	0.54	President	0.025
Finance	1.3	Interior	0.35
Internal security	5.6	Justice&Religion	1.8
Industry & Commerce	0.16	Science, Culture $ Sport	0.72
Foreign Affairs	1.1	Communication	0.06
Environment	0.22	Defense	37
Education	23.3	Health	12.7
Tourism	0.53	Transport	0.37
Construction	0.27	Emigration	2
Employment & Welfare	4	National Infrastructures	0.2
Agriculture	1.1

The proposed budget enables an interesting glance at the way the Israeli government is constructed, the allocation of money which are unlike common western countries and democracies. The security budget reaches almost 20% of the total budget. Education is only 10% of the budget. The total welfare budget reaches almost 20 billion US$ (almost a third of the total budget) out of which 7 billion US$ is allocated to education (including universities and research institutes) and 3 billion US$ allocated to health.

Some Ministries have been allocated suprisingly small budgets. For example: the Ministry of National Infrastructures, which is in charge of the energy sector and management of water resources has a budget which is less than 0.1% of the countries gross budget. In a similar manner the ministry of the Environment has a budget just a little greater than the budget allocated to the ministry of national infrastructures.

Nevertheless this proposed budget is slightly deceiving as it doesn’t include in some of the ministries budgets projects which are in their field of work. For example some 0.7 billion US$ are planned to be allocated to transport infrastructures around the country (in comparison with the total budget of the ministry of transport – 0.4 billion or the ministry of national infrastructures – 0.2 billion).

The proposed budget differs from the previous year by an overall increase of 6.7% in comparison with the year 2000. Further changes are an increase of 250 MUS$ in the budget of education and culture, some 180 MUS$ in transportation infrastructure and only 25 MUS$ in management of water resources.

The state of Israel along with other countries in the region suffer from a drought for a third consecutive year. Water resources are depleting in an alarming pace and projects of increasing the availability of fresh water are not meeting the demand.

This proposed budget may change as the events in the past few months have caused the government to re-evaluate the budget. Due to the ongoing fighting there is a demand by the defense authorities to enlarge their budget by almost a billion US$.

Further changes may occur as the budget will be brought to the parliament to be approved, and at the present fragile political conditions it is not likely at all that the budget will get through the parliament at its present structure.

08/02/2012

Sociological analysis of Kibbuts members behaviour towards environmental issues.

By David Sugarman.

Abstract: This study examined the reason for the environmental attitude presented by different members of Kibbuts Ketora. It appears that although the Kibbuts presents itself as a “green” Kibbuts, it’s members introduce a large varaiety of beliefs and ideas. The socialist mask of the environmental attitude does not seem to dominate, but a broader attitude that evolves from more deeper reasons concerning basic human behaviour. Family and friends, education and self-confidence are some of the factors involved. Urbanity and it’s openenting attitudes are of importance too and dominate some of the attitudes presented by kibbuts members. The conclusions focuses on the manners of which it is advised to act upon in order to improve future environmental accomplishments.

ף Different minds incline to different objects, one pursues,

The vast alone, the wonderful, the wild,

Another sighs for harmony, and grace

And gently beauty."

Mark Akenside {1744} The pleasures of Imagination.

1. Why write this paper ?

The purpose of this paper is to try and present a primary description of the Kibbuts attitude towards environmental issues. In addition there will be a brief description of present sociological research of environmental behaviour. The idea of this project evolved during an internship conducted in Kibbuts Ketora concerning an environmental survey. The response of the Kibbuts members was for a certain extant surprising due to the fact that this Kibbuts has regarded itself as a “Green” Kibbuts and has been one of the newly ”Green Kibbuts” movement leaders. The attitude presented by the members viewed from a very positive and constructive attitude to negative and even distrustful.

In this paper I shall describe themes that I suggest as influencing the environmental behaviour and try to present ways that the Kibbuts may consider to adopt.

2. How to write it ?

A sociological analysis can be done in two channels: The Cultural channel, of values and believes, and the sociological channel, of the societies relation structure. A cultural analysis will try and understand the inter human relations through formulating an order and classification in organising the values and believes of the analysed culture. A sociological view point will analyse the groups and organisations within the culture. But, separate between the society and its values.

There is no practical way to Within an organisation there are groups which hold different sub-cultures. In which, in certain aspects be contravene, But , as long as all will accept a common cultural base of believes, values and ideology, the comprehensive of the organisation will not be harmed. A basic manner of broad acceptance must be among the members of the inspected society, which will be secured through the organisation ideology. All of the members who are opposing the this broad agreement are endangering the existence of this organisation.

3. Primary structure analysis of the Kibbuts.

In Kibbuts Ketora there are many groups who are originated from different places and countries. There are the establishers of the Kibbuts , originated from the Army youth movement (נח"ל),there are immigrants from the USA and there are Israelis. In addition there are volunteers in the Kibbuts of European origin, a big group of youngsters of the army youth movement who are Israeli semi-religious oriented, and students of the Arava Institute for Environmental Studies who. It can be agreed that the Kibbuts withholds a traditional Jewish attitude and manner. Another important aspect is the wide awareness to the environmental issues, that result in the establishment of the Arava institute of environmental studies. In line up with this set of different sociological modes is the distinction between those members who are urban oriented and those who are oriented from farming and other non-urban heritage. It is therefor clear that the variety of sub-cultural groups in the Kibbuts is remarkable. It seems as if the subject of environment is a binding topic in the Kibbuts but some of the attitudes presented are opposing this concept.

The collective orientated settlements of the Kibbutsim begun in 1910. The first settlers were young, mostly un-married, east & central Europe immigrants who immigrated by themselves with now close family relatives.

Property ownership in the Kibbuts is by all members, apart from very few personal belongings. The members are willing to point their effort and bend their demanding in order to achieve the broader goals of the community, and gain self-achievement through their work in the community structure.

4. Arguments.

A few of the arguments that were reported represent attitudes that are similar to those that are represented in all other social groups. some of them are :

1. Nature -

A member of the Kibbuts was presented with a problem of risking an endangered species by visiting its home environment which is situated near the Kibbuts. When presented with the fact that alarming signs for tourists are presented before reaching the place the member's answer was that none of them was noticed. In addition when explained how injuring is the act of being in that specific environment, the member has answered that the place should be allowed to be approached only by the people living in the close region.

The lack of understanding the ecological issue was obvious and so was the anthropocentric attitude of the nature and its habitants. It seems that the members eco-sociological view is of a metaphoric use of physical space for social space. The space is not used as a unit for itself, but it is always in relation to some contrast. Arava settlers has a meaning in relation to others (mainly urban),the Kibbuts members to the other nearby Kibbutsim, the species environment to the settlement. The notion of boundary is very important because to set bounds around a place or a person is both to relate it to something else and to set it apart.

2. Environment -

The attitude to different environmental problems , such as pesticides and resolving issues such as composting have brought a dis-agreement. The dis-acceptance worsens due to the fact that the arguments presented by those who disagreed were based upon dis-belief in the issue presented (composting) or lack of interest.

The composting team in the Kibbuts has initiated a composting questionnaire Its results have proved that some members of the Kibbuts have expressed an attitude of dis-agreement with the project, most of which were not from an environmental prospective but from an egocentric one. Some have expressed dis-belief that the project will work and some have written that it is useless and that it will not work. It may be important to recall the fact that composting is being done, already , in small scale , in the Kibbuts for a few years. Therefor this negative attitude is, in my opinion based upon a few possibilities :

A] Ignorance – due to un-awareness to this project. It is even more

surprising due to the fact that the Kibbuts is such a small

community.

B] Antagonism – due to internal politics and inter-social conflict within the Kibbuts. Such as arguments between different pressure groups

or individuals.

3. Management -

It was very clear, wile attending Kibbuts meetings that arguments over different issues such as the issue of pesticides have produced conflicts that evolved from lack of knowledge, ability to compromise and even narrow-mind to a curtain extant. For example at the meeting over Pesticides use, there was a long conversation were members expressed their ignorance over this matter whereas others expressed very firm ideas that were not always necessary and proved to create antagonism from opposing sides. It had rolled on to a “conversation of deaf” were each side was channelled in its thoughts and no levelling was possible. There were a few members who expressed ideas and adding that their knowledge was limited and that they were willing to acquire more knowledge , if possible and needed. It was also pointed out that the meeting was handled with the absence of the workers and managers of the inspected field. An interview with one of the inspected field managers has indicated that although the meetings discussion was over his direct line of interest, he does what ever he finds suitable to do, regardless to the meetings decision. It is therefor clear that in such a social organisation of equality the balance of power and the clarity of line of decision is different from other social organisation were the tree of power is clear.

4. Personal feeling

It was pointed out by a Kibbuts member, that holds pro-environmental attitude, member that: "…with all the respect to the different environmental projects such as composting and reuse, one has the right after many years in the Kibbuts to do what one’s feel like after a day’s work, and let others who are more close to the subject make it run and succeed". It is evident that the member is sensing an invasion to its privacy and influence over self control of private life and action.

5. Influencing forces

It is clear today to all modern societies that the nature should no longer be defeated but preserved and treated with great care and thoughtfulness. But the correct prospective is different from one social structure to another and within miscellaneous groups in that society.

Nature & the Individual

At the heart of some attitudes is the contrasting symbolism of nature for the individual consciousness. For the classicists, the nature personified and encouraged old-fashioned remains of a more savage order. For the romantics, individual, salvation lay in exposing the repressed elements of our mind because there lay the authentic, the positive features of our individuality which could balance out the artificiality of our lives.

Urbanity

By living in a semi-socialist manner of an equal sharing community, the Kibbuts and its members are striving to avoid the characteristics of the urban and its varieties way of life. the pro-urban argument of the ability of social aggregation to create more possibilities than the some of the individuals is viewed by the Kibbuts members as an ability of their own. The reason is , as they probably see it, is that the cities have developed into concrete jungles where the weight of numbers and thick densities of population have created an unfamiliar environment were we are all strangers, all part of a lonely crowd.

The city is the modern equivalent of the medieval forest populated by demons. They suspect that urban society can not prospect and respect nature in the correct manner as they do. The consistent criticism of the city bring into focus morality, fear of the mob, fear of disease and fear of crime. The Kibbuts members account these themes as though they do not exist within them, but some, un-fortunately do. Crime, morality and disease do exist in the Kibbuts society, though in lower percent than in the urban societies Though it seems as if the characteristics of behaviour towards environment and the nature are very similar whether it is the Kibbuts member’s view or the “city boy”`s view.

What about the suburbs ? They are used to refer to a whole set of alternative values: Family, stability, security, a place were people settle down, raise children, become part of a community. Criticism is covering a concern with the view of dis-orderly nature in the suburbs. They are neither urban nor rural and this offends the tastes of those who prefer stable and separate existence and social categories. Suburbs are seen as a zone of uncertainty between the two motifs of town and country. They inhabited a blurry position in the social world. They are neither very rich nor very poor, neither upper nor working class (a description which might be suitable in describing the economical position of the Kibbuts members).

A feminism critique visions the suburbs as a place of female imprisonment. The separate homes all require regular inputs of modern female labour. For some, the symbol of women’s isolation to the domestic world of home worker, child bearer and baby minder.

Ideology

The socialist ideology of the Kibbuts has some influence on the environmental judgement of it’s members. It is not a leading argument due to the fact that there are other concerning points. But the belief that the Capitalistic vision of the nature and it’s environment has been gaining an increased involvement of socialistic parties. The fear is of the monitory attitude towards the environment, labelling everything with $, pollution, nature, clean air and water etc.

Capitalism is associated with money, pollution, materialism and alienation and therefor the destruction of nature and by gaining more profit thus degrading our ecological health. It is difficult to frame in the social pattern of Kibbuts Ketora a firm eco-social attitude. The variety of opinions and beliefs appears to resemble other societies with a less social vision, and therefor I suggest that the ideology is an influencing argument of less significance.

6. Recycling behaviour.

At the present part of the paper a summery of reviews, studies and research results will be presented. There were no studies found regarding recycling behaviour in Israel or in the Kibbuts movement. Therefor the conclusions out of this chapter must be related to in a very careful manner. It is probable that some of the results would be similar, but the variables that are influenced from the environment of the inspected community are difficult to separate from the entire results . Consequently, it is important to try and indicate the most meaningful data and conclusions presented in these papers.

FACTORS INFLUENCING COMMUNITY RESIDENTS` IN COMMINGLED CURBSIDE RECYCLING PROGRAM

Commingled curbside recycling is a system where household residents put all recyclable materials in one container. It is a new form of recycling that has been initiated to decrease the amount of household waste sent to landfills. Relevant recycling knowledge is the most the most significant predictor of the of observed recycling behaviour, and content-specific motivations for or against recycling discriminated between frequent and infrequent recyclers.

Environmental Attitudes

Much of the past behavioural science research on environmental issues has studied general environmental concern rather that attitudes toward more specific environmental topics . A high sense of personal efficacy, specifically in regard to helping solve environmental problems, has been found to be positively related to pro-environmental behaviour.

Motivations

Another important variable is reasons for recycling. Reasons for recycling included receipt of payments, decreased cost of garbage collection, conservation of resources, reduction of litter, conservation of energy, decreased landfill use, money raised for charities, and pressure from friends and family. Reasons against recycling include – not enough recyclables used at home, no storage space, materials attract pests, no pickup available, no time to prepare materials, and no drop-off sites. It is clear that both parties are concerned with environmental issues which drive their position, but non-recyclers are more concerned with financial incentives to recycle, rewards for recycling, and with matters of personal convenience. Most studies concerned with recycling have not studied clear perceptions or motives that may lead to recycling behaviour.

Demographics

Demographic variables such as education, income and age are often associated with recycling behaviour. Wiegel (1977) reported that participation in recycling was related to liberal social, economic, and religious philosophies, higher education and higher occupation status. Several studies and reviews have documented the fact that well educated people with higher income, and those who are younger are more environmentally concerned. Un-strengthening is the conclusion by Van Liere and Dunlap (1980) that demographics had limited value for predicting environmental concern and that environmental concern could be best studied in terms of more specific environmental issues (e.g. reuse, recycling).

Hornik et.al. suggest that the social influence of neighbours, friends, and family members can extend the recycling behaviours. In addition demographic variables are weakly correlated with the criterion variable. As recycling becomes more diffused throughout the population and accepted by more types of consumers, researchers will be even less likely to find meaningful differences among recyclers and non-recyclers across demographic segments of the population. Their analysis suggests that the scholars have overemphasised the analysis of consumer demographics while neglecting the consumer predictors. Recycling programs should be planned and designed with intrinsic/extrinsic motivators.

A Review of BEHAVIOURAL programs to Increase recycling

The authors reported that the prompting techniques were equally effective in increasing returnable purchase above those made during the no-prompt condition. Specifically, by simply giving a handbill forced along increased returnable purchases as much as 25%. However the authors reported that the immediate effectiveness was short-lived.

The results indicated significant effect for the groups of (1).Survey, Verbal prompt, Written prompt and (2).Verbal prompt, Written prompt. Both presented at least 80% participation and differed from the untreated controls as well as the other treatment groups ( S, V, W, S&V, S&W).

Commitment

This intervention strategy involves obtaining promises or agreements from people to recycle for a specified time period. There were a few studies conducted in this field. One of them done by Katsev and Perdini (1987-1988) compared the use of written commitment and rewards to increase newspaper recycling. Specifically four groups were compared: (a) control (b) written commitment, (c) rewards, (d) written commitment plus rewards. They found that recycling participation rates and the amount of paper recycled increased at least 18% and 161%, respectively, for all groups that made a commitment, received rewards, or both when compared to the control groups during a 5 – week treatment period. The authors added that some persistence of recycling behaviour beyond the specific commitment period was observed in the studied cases.

In general, the strongest effects were found when the promise to recycle was in the form of a signed statement and referred to the individual’s own behaviour.

Environmental Alteration

Environmental-alteration techniques have been found to increase recycling behaviour. For example adding more recycling containers to a particular area, changing pickup schedules. Several experiments (e.g. Luyben % Beily (1979)) have found that adding additional recycling containers to those already present significantly increased recycling. Environmental-alteration techniques are relatively easy to implement and making recycling more convenient ( adding cans , changing schedules) has consistently been found to increase recycling behaviour. Making trash receptacles more attractive or distinctive has been proved to decrease littering ( Geller 1982). Environmental – alteration techniques may be expensive to initiate, but this is a one-time or, at least, infrequent cost. Further, such interventions may be expected to result in lasting changes in behaviour due to the intervention remain in place.

Goal setting

Goal setting, as a main technique, was found in two experiments done in this subject, as an important tool to increase recycling. ( Hamad, Bettinger, Cooper and Semb 1980-1, McCaul and Kopp 1982).

Feedback

Results of studies indicated (Katsev & Mishima1992) that feedback was successful in increasing paper recycling approximately 77% above baseline levels and led to some maintenance of recycling during the follow-up. Becker (1978) found that goal setting combined with feedback produced a greater reduction in energy consumption than when feedback was not given with goal setting or when neither feedback nor goal setting was present. Geller & Needelman (1992) pointed out that goal setting plus feedback may not be as applying rewards for behaviour change.

Rewards

Hamad (1977) found that reward was more effective than verbal information about the recycling program in increasing newspaper recycling among elementary school students. But participation is found to be higher in lottery conditions. Jacobs & Baily (1982-3) found that lottery prises produce more participation in newspaper recycling program than any other conditions. (E.g. paying market rate for each pound of paper to be recycled). There are problems with this method. First , the problem of low declining participation while the intervention is terminated. The second involves the cost of reward-based interventions as compared to the actual value of the recyclables collected. However, some of these costs may be offset with the use of lotteries to dispense rewards, as opposed to giving individual, immediate rewards for recycling.

Penalties

These are of course for not-recycling. Studies have witnessed that in a examined population, the majority have decreased their number of trash cans per week from a few to only one.

A Test of Household Recycling and Composting Intentions

A study done by Taylor & Todd (1995), had the aim of developing and testing an integrative model in order to explain individual intentions to engage in waste management behaviour. Following, are the main findings of the study. They can aggregate to a sound and broader understanding of the Kibbuts members approach towards the different environmental problems.

Belief Structures

In general, more favourable attitudes toward recycling and composting will result when perceived relative advantages are high and perceived complexity is low.

Normative influences are analogous to the social influences found to be important factors of environmental behaviour. These normative influences can be decomposed. Such decomposition can be based on the expected influence of the referent groups. The authors suggest that both internal social influences, such as family and external influences , such as friends and neighbours, may be important positions of subjective norm for recycling and composting. It is expected that subjective norm and subsequent intention will be stronger when these groups want an individual to engage in recycling and composting. However, because recycling and composting are household activities, it is possible that internal influences may dominate (Gransin & Olsen 1991).

Compatibility corresponds to the effort, inconveniences, and values variables in environmental research. In general, the more compatible recycling and composting are with an individuals values and daily routine, the stronger will be noticed behavioural control and the following intention to engage in recycling and composting. Furthermore, it is expected that higher levels of self-efficacy to lead to stronger perceived behavioural control and later intention to recycle and compost.

Recycling

Intention to recycle was positively influenced by attitude and followed behavioural control but was negatively influenced by subjective norm. The reason for this result is unclear to the authors. They suggest that the negative reaction to the influence of others which causes the individual to “rebel” against these influences. Complexity did not affect attitude, even though recycling was perceived to be moderately complex. This may be due, as they suggest, to the overwhelming influence of relative advantage. Although,, on average recycling was not perceived as being compatible with people’s daily routine or lifestyle, this did not lessen the control they felt over they behaviour. This suggests that, given the adequate knowledge, people may be willing to overcome personal inconvenience to realise the more global benefits of recycling.

Composting

Intention was positively influenced by attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control.

A strange result has occurred during the study. Whereas efficacy and resource-facilitating conditions were positively related to perceived behavioural control, compatibility was negatively related. It indicates that the more compatible composting is with one’s lifestyle, the less control one feels over the decision to compost. An interpretation could be that when an individual is faced with serious impediments to perform a socially desirable behaviour such as composting, that individual may be better able to rationalise the decision not to compost and thus experience a sense of control over his decision. By contrast, in the absence of impediments, one may feel compelled to compost and thus feel limited personal control over his decision. This concept is harmonious with the idea of psychological reactance whereby individuals will attempt to regain control over their behaviour whenever that control is threatened (Brehm, 1981).

Suggestions

1. Social pressure to engage behaviours such as composting and recycling, may be important early in program development, but such interventions may actually have opposing affects once programs are well established.

2. Complexity is discounted by recyclers but not by composters. This indicates that efforts should be made to reduce complexity early in the diffusion of an environmental program, but that importance of complexity as a determinant of attitude may diminish over time.

3. An individual will feel compelled to perform a behaviour because of its importance to the society. Any inconvenience may provide the individual with an easy excuse not to compost. Therefor it is important that such inconveniences be minimised.

7. Concluding comments.

It is important to notice that a major concern with behavioural approach to improve pro-environmental behaviour is, in general, the lack of evidence for long term effects. Most of the research in applied behaviour change has had difficulties in finding interventions or treatment programs that encourage behaviour to be maintained after interventions have been concluded.

As for the Kibbuts prospective, It may be suggested to view two routes of performance. First, the level of work and second the level of the individual/ family. The first route – the Kibbuts has been conducting for a few years small scale projects of composting. They are initiated by private members and through co-ordination between working branches in the Kibbuts. A program of reuse(nylon in the dates) has failed. The composting initiative has brought up reactions that were surprising. It is now surprising less due to the fact that some of the influencing factors were mantioned. It enables to understand better why such attitude were represented, and through them combine a program which will benefit all parties involved. The second route is the manner of re-socialisation. It is a method that needs to be considered when planing future performance. It can be done by two ways: (a) by the young and middle generation (b) by increasing the self awareness of the Kibbuts society. Leeming, Porter, Dwyer, Cobern, and Oliver (in the press) indicated that parents of children involved in a curriculum emphasising active participation in environmental activities exhibit more pro-environmental behaviours than parents of children who are not. Hence children seem to be successful as “agents” advocating environmental change in others.

References

Broom L. & Selznick P. (1975). Essentials of Sociology. Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc.
Shapira J.(1985). Essentials of Sociology. Tel Aviv, Am Oved Inc.
Taylor S. & Todd P. (1995). An integrated model of waste management behavior; A test of household recycling and composting intentions. Environment and behavior, Vol 27 No 5, Sept, 603-630.
Porter B.E. & Leeming F.C. & Dwyer W.O. (1995). Solid waste recovery; A review of behavioral programs to increase recycling. Environment and behavior, Vol 27 No 2. March. 122-152
DeLeon I.G. & Fuqua W.R. (1995). The effects of public commitment and group feedback on curbside recycling. Environment and behavior, Vol 27 No 2. March. 233-250.
Gamba R.J. & Oskamp S. (1994). Factors influencing community residents` participation in commingled curbside recycling programs. Environment and behavior. Vol 26 NO5 , Sept. 587-612
Hornik J. & Cherian J. & Madansky M. & Maryana C. (1995). Determinants of recycling behavior; A synthesys of researsch results. The Journal of Socio-Economics. Vol 24 No 1 . 105-127.
Short J. R. (1991). Imagined Country ; Environment, culture and society. London & N.Y. Routledge.
Bookchin M. (1981). The concept of Social Ecology. Co Evolution Quarterly. Winter. 15-22

10. O`connor J. (1991). Socialism and Ecology. Capitalism, Nature, Socialism. Vol 2 No 3. Oct.

08/02/2012

Waste management survey Kibbutz Ketora 1996 FINAL REPORT

FINAL REPORT

Waste Management Survey Kibbutz Ketora 1996

aste management is one of the major environmental challenges of the 1990’s and certainly a vital goal for the next millennia. The 4 pillars of waste management — Source reduction, Reuse, Recycling and Recovery – are the best available tools at present in order to meet the future challenges.

1. Wherever possible, waste reduction is the preferred option. It is best to produce as little waste as possible. It is important to distinguish between waste reduction and source reduction for the purpose of this survey and report. ”Waste reduction” includes any action that reduces the amount of toxicity of municipal / regional solid waste prior to disposal in a landfill or incinerator. For example waste reduction can include making packaging more recyclable or compostable. “Source reduction” is construed more narrowly and refers to measures that reduce the weight, volume or toxicity of products and packaging prior to their use. Source reduction reduces both the environmental effects of raw material extraction and manufacturing and the amount of material entering the waste stream. This is why Source reduction is the preferred option in the waste management hierarchy.

2. If waste is produced, every effort should be made to reuse it, if it is at all practicable.

3. Recycling is the third option in the waste management hierarchy. Although recycling does help to conserve resources and reduce wastes, it is important to remember that there are economical and environmental costs associated with waste collection and the recycling processes. For this reason, recycling should really only be considered for waste that cannot be reduced or reused.

4. Finally, it may be possible to recover materials or energy from waste which can not be reduced, reused or recycled. Opportunities to reduce and reuse waste abound. Practicing reduction and reuse can be as simple as changing household habits or as complex as altering industrial processes.

he aim of this survey is to estimate the present situation of waste management ability on kibbutz Ketora. Additional goals were , firstly, maximum reduction in the use of materials and the outcome of waste. Secondly, recommending options and alternatives to the present problems and thirdly, to begin a momentum of change in the prevailing attitudes towards waste management and initiate programs and plans as seen through “green” environmental eyes. This survey does not replace sound planning that should be carried out and that should include all the parties involved in the Kibbutz.

This research started as an internship carried out by David Sugarman (B.Sc. Soil, Water and Environment), at the Arava Institute of Environmental Studies, during the fall semester of 1996, and then developed into a more comprehensive project including research, interviews, data collection and analysis. The primary report was presented at a joint meeting with the head of the Arava Institute and the general secretary of the Kibbutz at the end of December 1996.

I shall not describe here the working order of the Kibbutz, but I wish to add that it was not a trivial matter to collect all the necessary data since willingness to cooperate and provide answers to issues and questions presented to members, met with everything from approval and highly positive attitudes to partial enthusiasm, ending with some unwillingness to meet the researcher for discussion and cooperation. Attending Kibbutz committee meetings and analyzing the process of decision making is a source for further research and analysis, since there is a vital necessity for change on the different levels of the decision making process.

A sociological analysis of the members' attitudes towards environmental issues can add to a broader understanding of this issue and in certain ways facilitate the ability of the kibbutz in addressing the various environmental problems.

In this survey I shall present and discuss the results of the interviews, data analysis and all other aspects of the research project according to the various work branches in the Kibbutz. Following each section we will state the environmental problems concerned and the available suggested solutions . Some branches are presented in detail and some are not. The reason for this being a combination of several influencing factors, inter alia, insufficient time and unavailability of suitable modern technology and manpower.

The following are the kibbutz branches:

# Agricultural packing house

# Dairy

# Agricultural fields — “Gan yarak."

# Kitchen & supplies

# Date plantations

# Sand / cement factory

# Garage

# “Shitim” settlement

# The Water issue

# Pesticides

# Arava road noise emission

A major issue that surfaced in the course of the research project was the lack of knowledge and unavailability of useful and productive data. Therefore at the end of the paper we have attached is a list of companies in Israel that deal with different environmental problems.

This paper is presented to the Kibbutz. The research was carried out objectively and was sponsored by no-one. I respectfully submit it in the hope that it will enable the Kibbutz and its members to benefit environmentally and economically. The Kibbutz and its members have the ability to influence their own lives and to influence neighboring Kibbutzim to act in a similar manner and thus improve, environmentally, a much wider region For example, by collecting enough paper so the relevant company can come and collect the paper waste once it is economically viable. It is important to bear in mind that this region is very dry and therefore allows a long period of time for dry waste storage.

The environmental aims mentioned before demand sound planning in order to permit an effective and simple implementation system. The following are a few points and aspects that we recommended for consideration whilst planning a new system :

Technical

What waste products are we willing to separate at disposal ?
Out of the previous items, which shall we dispose of immediately ? { Toxic, un-compostable organic waste – dairy, meat}, and which will be collected at pre-planned places on the Kibbutz, until such time as it will be viable for a company to come and collect the waste. {Building waste, metal, plastic, wood, paper, etc…}
What technical solutions can we produce to facilitate these procedures { Separate garbage bins, water systems, shredding machines, etc…..}.
What is the estimated amount of waste, from each substance that will be collected during a certain period of time {Day, month, year}

Influence on Ecological Systems

Which of the waste collecting facilities / machinery are bound to harm the environment ?

Legal

Strict behavior and methods of work that will meet the requirements of environmental law, particularly matters concerning :

Air pollution [field fires, cement plant]

Pollution of soil and ground water ( from which we drink and irrigate) resulting from the incorrect use of pesticides and fertilizers.

Monitoring and management of waste separation, its disposal and primary treatment.

Social & Economical

Cost of treatment at the different stages [equipment, work force, working days].

Environmental benefit — To what extant does the Kibbutz intend to implement the issue of the “Green Kibbutz”, and even become a leading role model.
Economical benefit — less waste to be disposed of. Collected waste paid for or taken free of charge by various companies.

The Kibbutz Work Branches

Agriculture Packing House

arvest seasons of the agricultural fields dominate the work at the plant. Autumn brings the major Kibbutz crop of melons. Winter presents the tomatoes and onions and spring produces the early watermelons. Summer leaves the packing plant empty.

Waste Materials :

Nylon -10 Kg per day of work.

Cartons — 15 packing boxes per working day.

Wood — 1 packing plate per two days of work.

Water :

Major source — water enters at the salinity of 600 mg CL/liter

Minor source — water enters at the salinity of 300 mg CL/liter

The water is used for the different processes in the plant. The less saline water is used for washing treatment at a certain period of processing. The plant (floor, machines etc..) is washed once a day during the working seasons. The emission of all of the water contains salinity that does not exceed 600 mg CL, and very little organic matter (fruit residues and Donag coating wax). Then the water is pumped upwards to the Kibbutz water system.

Conclusion :

1. Water system :

A] Is the pumping of water up to the kibbutz system a necessity ?

Instead, could it continue its flow down to other fields (dates) ?

B] The Donag wax coating that is washed out with the water should be presented to the regional health or agricultural officials to be approved as part of the irrigation water.

2.Waste disposal – a proper waste disposal method should be posed, separating wood, paper , plastic and cardboard,

Dairy

Waste Materials

Manure – every few months delivered to the fields for agricultural use through composting.

Oil - from the different machines

Chlorine – from the cleaning system

Phosphoric acid – from the cleaning system

Cardboard packing

Water

Sweet water is used for the purposes of drinking, washing and cooling.

Conclusion :

1. A continuing survey must be done to locate alternative materials for the cleaning

chemicals.

2. It is recommended to search for a different method of cooling the cows (more saline water

because they are in any event washed with sweet water afterwards.) In addition a search

should be conducted for a different soap or other less environmentally harmful

chemicals.

Agricultural Fields – “ Gan Yarak “

he agricultural fields are one of the most important means of income on the kibbutz, especially the melon plantations. They are all treated with pesticides according to the suggestions of the regional instructor from the Department of Plant Protection at the Ministry of Agriculture, and according to the decisions of the field managers.

Presented during the data collection were the solutions and guidance by the instructor and these were assumed to be the easiest , the cheapest and quickest means to apply pesticides to the fields. It is important to pay attention to the fact that no alternatives were presented and that the goal of cheap, easy and quick is not necessarily the best, the more correct and more important, the economically viable and profitable way to do things.

Environmental Hazards

Pesticides : Methyl-Bromide to counteract the damage caused by the fungus of Pytium and Fuzarium. DDT sprayed against he Sand Fly.

Fertilizers.

Waste Materials

Plastic cover [used for Methyl Bromide spraying] – 300 Dunam annually.

Drip irrigation – replaced every few years. Pipes are sold for plastic recycling.

Manure – compostised and used as a fertilizing method.

Problems

1. Long period of time for the composting preparation.

2. Plant growth slowing down and even stopping in the middle of the season - Head of field

works suggests it might be a salinity problem.

Conclusion

1. The issues of salinity (soil, irrigation water, fertilizers use) must and can be analyzed with

the present availability of experts on the kibbutz and a research project could be run by

the Arava Institute.

2. IPM methods must be implemented in order to decrease the use of pesticides. In addition,

the manner of control on the issue of pesticide usage must follow the full regulations and

orders of each chemical manufacturers' instructions as well as that of the Department of

Plant Protection at the Ministry of Agriculture.

3. The issue of pesticides warrants a deeper and better analysis than is being done at

present. The following items should be given due consideration:

¨ What are the different pests, diseases and weeds that appear in the region ? .

¨ What are the different IPM methods that can be used ? (monitoring and decision making process).

¨ After searching the non-chemical IPM methods and coming up with no other alternatives, a list of the various pesticides for each crop should be presented.

¨ Listing, for each different crop, in a comparable table, the costs of the pesticides and labor for each different chemical and method of application. This can produce a better means of evaluating and assessing the policy of applying the pesticides.

¨ Taking into consideration the total costs of each crop might present a different list of preferences for the policy of selecting crops for future seasons.

¨ A linear programming method was presented to the accounting office at the kibbutz. It is a simple method that allows a comparison of two different subjects, where in each subject all the necessary parameters are presented. The result is a graph that presents a line indicating on what terms each subject is economically viable.

Kitchen / Supplies

ull data was not available thereby preventing a broader spectrum of data collecting and therefore resulting in a limited analysis. (No data from the supplies dept.)

Waste Materials

6-8 bags of hand cleansing paper.

Four carton boxes per week.

Thirty Kg of waste from the kitchen per meal.

Thirty Kg of waste from the diningroom per meal.

Unknown amount of plastics, cans, etc…..

Conclusion

1. The paper from the hand cleaning device can be used for A] paper collection .B] compost.

Available substances are towel cleaning or hot air (standards are 2400 W) devices.

The present situation of collection in plastic bags is an unwelcome phenomena.

2. Separation of different materials. The kitchen and the diningroom are classic places for

separation of the different products used in the process of the various meal preparations.

plastics, paper, cans from different substances, glass, metals, chemicals and the vast

amount of different organic matter that should be separated into the kind that is

viable for the process of composting. It requires a few minutes of work for the kitchen

staff and a few seconds of delay for the dining attendants.

3. Collection of the organic material aimed for composting should be assigned to one or

two workers who 3 times a day need to collect the organic waste bins from the kitchen

and deliver them to the composting site. This assignment should not take more than one

half of an hour for each meal.

4. Purchase of the different products by the supplies dept. should aim to meet, as far as

possible, the requirements of modern environmental products available on the market,

and thus increase the consumption and demand for the “green” products.

Dates

he Date plantations are irrigated with saline water. The pesticides are used as little as possible and are required to avoid the loss of the crop. The dry organic waste is used, very successfully, as a soil cover in order to avoid growth of weeds, though there are weeds that are treated by means of using herbivores. Previous experiments of soil cover by cardboard proved to be insufficient and caused other problems, such as the appearance of different pests.

Problems

The herbivores are fenced within the plantations. The cost of the fencing is high and the fence itself makes it difficult to enter the field.

Conclusion

A suggestion was made by one of the students to bring the kibbutz camels to the date plantations and feed them the weeds around the trees. The correct manner of harnessing the camels should be worked out. This method allows a free approach to the trees and reduces expense on fencing.

Garage

he garage produces large amounts of waste materials. Some of these are being reused by the garage manager, but some goes to waste as in other places on the kibbutz (paper , plastic, metals etc…) . The separation of waste is therefore needed as in all other kibbutz branches.

On the issue of water it is suggested that the floor be washed with saline water and not sweet water. Precautions must be taken to avoid corrosion of metals due to the salts. The issue of the wasted oil is complex and is being dealt with on a worldwide basis. It is possible under certain conditions to reuse oil as oil for the heating systems, preferably in large public spaces and not in small ones. Apart from the Israeli regulations on toxic waste disposal no other regulations and alternatives were found . Therefore I would like to present an example from the USA for used oil recycling. The American regulations allow used oil to be burned in space heaters of less than 500,000 Btu/hr capacity if combustion products are vented outside (heating hangars etc…). Also it may be blended back into the diesel fuel stock for vehicles or motors operated by the generator. Amt of the used oil per regulation at 40 CFR 279. At 1:1000 to 1:1500, it will use up the oil as fast as generated in many operations and, if filtered a little, does not appear to negatively affect performance.

Since the kibbutz owns the fuel station it is advisable to consult with the oil company with which the station works on the different methods of reuse and disposal of the oil.

It might be concluded that the present solution of sending the oil to Ramat Hovav is, in the meantime, the best possible one.

Shitim Settlement

ince Shitim settlement was handed over to the kibbutz, it seems that no broad scale future plans were made. Maintenance is being done constantly and minor projects for the future are being considered. The policy of the kibbutz concerning the settlement must be established prior to a broad scale plan. The maintenance work done must aim to fit any kind of plan in the future, meaning that only vital work must be done in order to avoid spending unnecessary money.

Whether the Arava Institute will move over to the settlement or not, there are a few subjects that should be considered whilst planning future actions. The following is a list of points for debate :

1st)Irrigation system. Needs to be uncovered completely and replaced partly. The present situation is a disorganized maze of pipes that defied any attempt to reveal the planning system , and therefor e no additional planning was possible during the survey preparation.

2nd)Asbestos cover in the main kitchen / diningroom. Should be replaced or destroyed promptly. It is my belief that the walls contain asbestos too. This must be checked soon, or else destroy the building. The other rooms must be examined due to the fact that it is not clear whether the walls in the rooms contain asbestos as well.

3rd)Light. The viability of self lighting solar lighting poles should be considered. In addition a self lighting system that lights according to change in movement {גלאי נפח} is an important item for saving electricity and as an alarm for unwelcome intruders.

4th)Energy. It is my opinion that air conditioning could be replaced with hanging coolers and water / oil based heating systems. The economic viability must be examined, though the environmental impact is quite obvious – less electrical consumption.

5th)Environmental planning. The various buildings should be painted with desert colors in order to match the regional tone in colors.

6th)Plants. A new planting policy should be formed in order to create a better opportunity for growing desert oriented plants. For example it advisable to limit the grass layout in order to save the use of sweet fresh water. The diversity of desert species is immense and provides almost an infinite number of plants for domestic and commercial purposes and thus gain some profit as well. A Botanical garden can be build both for research and as a commercial (tourist) attraction.

7th)Composting. This is a viable method that can greatly benefit the various plants.

Esthetics

1. The kibbutz gardens. It is suggested that the kibbutz plant more desert plants and decrease the use of high consumption sweet water plants. Irrigation of these plants was often carried out at midday. It is advisable to irrigate during the very early morning hours,

unless there are other considerations that the survey was not aware of .

2. Arava road. It is advisable to consider methods of decreasing the amount of noise

that the Arava road is creating. One option is to plant trees alongside the road, 1 Km from each side of the Ketora Junction. The trees can be various desert trees, and saline water could be used in order to irrigate them. A second choice could be acoustic walls such as those along the Ayalon highway. This could be done through proving by legal means that the Arava road is causing noise above the permitted regulations.

Water.

t appears that the water consumption in the kibbutz has decreased slowly during the last few years. However, the method of dividing the water portions and the irrigation policy seem to be unclear: firstly, the variation in water consumption for different years for the same crop / working branch, and secondly, the dissimilarity in the irrigation policy from one season to another. For example, in the major growing crops, such as the melons, dry onion and the water melons, the total water consumption varies in amount for the years and even for the growing seasons. In addition if we compare the equivalent months in each year, the difference is often large. If we take into consideration that there were influencing parameters, such as heat and an increase or decrease in the land devoted to each crop, then it is unclear why there are large differences in the irrigation policy within the season, and in comparison with similar seasons, where the length of growth differ. It is understood that the dry onion grows for 4 months and tomato for 2-3 months , whereas in the water profile the irrigation water usage presents a larger number of months. Taking into consideration that the seasons were repeated, it is therefore unclear why the water consumption does not repeat itself during the repeated season. The melons grew from 176.7 10exp6 liter in 1993, to 237 10exp6 l in 1995. The change within the season is more complex to analyze and understand but presents an unclear irrigation policy,. Nevertheless it is important to determine a uniform and sound irrigation policy.

Energy

he possibility of wind turbines was analyzed in this region by kibbutz Lotan and proved to be economically non-viable. A further inquiry with other wind turbine users has presented little data but the general attitude presented by them was a negative one due to technological difficulties. The only viable one is situated on the Golan heights and has proven to be feasible.

Waste Management Suggestions

Office

¨ Photocopy documents on both sides of the paper

¨ Reuse envelopes

¨ Use rechargeable batteries, and rechargeable toner cartridges for photocopiers and laser printers, where warranties permit.

¨ Rent rather than purchase items that will be used a few times

¨ Use the back of used paper for notes and drafts.

¨ Review inventory and correspondence procedures to reduce waste

¨ Investigate the potential of electronic mail system in order to reduce paper use.

Reuse Household Items – from A to Z

(THESE TIPS WERE COPIED FROM THE INTERNET AND SHOULD BE SERIOUSLY CONSIDERED)

any household articles can be reused rather than discarded. If you don't want to reuse items in any of the ways described here, try contacting your local school, preschool, daycare, community centre, or recreation centre. Teachers and craft instructors are often looking for household items for art projects.

Aluminum pie plates

# Use a pie plate for baking and reheating food.

# Use aluminum pie plates as freezer containers. Fill with baked goods, berries, or other

foods, then wrap and freeze.

# Use a pie plate to cover a fresh pie in a similar-sized plate to make for easier transport.

Bath Mats

# Use a worn out bath mat that has lost its non-skid backing to make a floor mop: fold the

mat (fluffy side out) to fit your mop handle and slip it into place. The mop can be washed

in the washing machine after use.

Belts

# Make a cat or dog collar with a discarded belt or one bought at a thrift sale. Cut to size and

add a metal ring to the buckle to attach identification and license tags.

Bottle caps

# Paint bottle caps red and black and use them to replace missing checkers.

Carpet remnants

# Use carpet scraps to give your feet extra insulation from the cold. Line boots or rubbers by

tracing your foot on a piece of paper to make a pattern, then use the outline to cut the

carpeting to fit. This works well for children's snow boots.

Ceramic tile

# Give new life to an old table by covering the top with used ceramic tiles and painting the

legs.

# Use single tiles to make trivets or hot plates. Frame tiles with wood scraps or glue felt

pieces to the bottom of the tile to prevent scratching.

Chipped coffee mugs

# Use a chipped or cracked coffee mug to make small windowsill-size planters.

# Put an old mug near your phone to hold pens and pencils for taking messages.

Coffee filters

# Buy a reusable metal or cloth coffee filter instead of using paper filters.

Corks

# Run your dull razor blade through a cork to get a few more shaves out of it.

# Glue wine corks onto wood backing and make your own cork board.

# Use corks as fish hook holders.

Detergent squeeze bottles

# Use a detergent squeeze bottle to water plants, fill a steam iron, or spot clean the floor.

# Store a water-filled squeeze bottle in the car and use it to clean the windshield when the

wiper fluid is used up or to clean hands after changing a flat.

Eyeglasses

# Donate old eyeglasses to one of the organizations listed under "Charities and Service

Organizations" in the Resource Directory.

Fancy doilies

# Use old-fashioned lace doilies that once protected the backs and arms of good chairs as

placemats and table runners. Use them alone or with a solid coloured protective mat of

plastic or cloth.

# Frame a fancy doily and use it to decorate a wall.

# Make a gift bag by threading a ribbon through the edge of a doily and drawing it tight to

close the bag.

# Line a basket with a doily.

Glass jars

# Give gifts of candies, cookies, or jam in decorated jars.

# Make bookends or lamps by filling two matched jars with coloured water (just add a few

drops of food colouring) or layers of coloured sand or shells. Glue pieces of felt or rubber

from a pair of old rubber gloves to the base to prevent slipping.

# Store bulk grains, cereals, baking supplies, or spices in used jars.

Hangers

# Decorate hangers with wool or fabric for gift giving.

# Take some hangers with you when you go camping for roasting wieners and

marshmallows.

Ironing board covers

# Use less worn areas of a non-stick ironing board cover to make pot holders, barbecue

mitts, or hot pads: cut out the shape you need and cover the holder, mitt, or pad with

scraps of material; quilt together on a sewing machine, then use bias tape to bind edges

and add a loop.

Jars with shaker tops

# Use large jars with shakers tops to dispense baking or washing soda when you clean the

bathtub or sink.

# Use small jars for herbs and spices bought from bulk food stores.

Junk mail

# Reuse junk mail flyers and leaflets for art projects such as origami, collage or papier-

mגche. But better yet, eliminate junk mail by having your name removed from direct

marketing mailing lists.

# Have organizations you belong to or donate money to remove you from the mailing lists

they sell to other organizations.

Lemon/lime squeeze containers

# Pry open and fill with children's shampoo, oil and vinegar for picnic salads, or hand lotion

to keep at the kitchen sink.

Lone earrings

# Use a lone earring as a scatter pin for a turtleneck sweater or on the lapel of a jacket.

Lunch kits and containers

# Pack your lunch in reusable containers (old yogurt containers, film canisters), and carry

them in a reusable fabric bag or plastic lunch kit.

# Use a reusable mug at work.

Memory machines

# Use your answering machine, a chalkboard, or an erasable felt pen board to record notes

to yourself or instructions for your children. This will mean no more lost notes or wasted

paper.

Old cushions

# Use flat rectangular foam cushions as extra sleeping pads for visiting children, floor

cushions for watching television, exercise mats, or bed pillow props.

Mesh bags

# Fasten a large mesh bag over a gutter spout to keep leaves out.

# Convert a large mesh bag into a shopping bag (you can soak off the label in warm

water first if you wish).

# Use a small mesh bag to make a pot scrubber and soap-saver: fold the bag into a square

the size of your kitchen soap dish, and fasten with one stitch in the middle.

# Put suet for the birds in a small mesh bag and hang the "feeder" from a tree branch outside

your window.

# Make a gift bag by weaving wool or ribbon through the neck of a small or large mesh bag.

Use scraps of ribbon or wool to create a design.

Napkins

# Make new napkins from worn tablecloths.

# Use old napkins in your picnic basket or for dust rags.

# Use cloth napkins for meals instead of paper napkins.

Make gift boxes using old cards

1. Cut apart the two halves of the card. Trim .5 cm off one side and one end of the back half

of the card.

2. On the wrong side of each piece, draw diagonal lines between opposite corners with a

ruler, to form a large X.

3. Fold in the two sides so they meet in the centre. Do the same with the two ends. Starting

at each corner, cut along the diagonal lines to the new fold lines.

Use the box for small gifts or certificates.

4. Fold each point A to the inside. Now fold flaps B over points A. Tuck in the, corners and

glue if necessary. The back of the card, being smaller, forms the bottom of the box.

Old greeting cards

# Use last year's Christmas cards to make Christmas gift tags and paper chains to decorate

your home.

# Make a bookmark from an old card.

# Make gift boxes using old cards.

# Give cards you can't use to schools, daycare centres, and Brownie packs for craft projects.

Packing cardboard

# Try reusing the packing cardboard that comes with many new products. Use it to protect

delicate items sent through the mail or to make birthday cards.

# The cardboard that comes with new pantyhose can be used for recipe cards.

Party decorations

# Make party decorations using old greeting cards, fabric scraps, or strips of old posters and

wallpaper. Share them with friends and relatives.

# Make an ornament or something else that is reusable as a party favour. Home-made

puzzles and home-baked treats make good children's party favours.

# Make party hats by sticking old giftwrap to heavy paper, and decorate with ribbons.

Plastic berry baskets

# Use plastic berry baskets to hold small items, such as baby bottle caps, that often end up

on the bottom of the dishwasher. Put the items in one basket, place another basket upside

down on top, then secure both baskets with a rubber band.

# Make a miniature moss baskets for flowers for your house, patio, or children's playhouse.

# Thread berry baskets with scraps of wool, ribbon, or fabric for gift containers.

Plastic trays

# Use plastic (polystyrene) trays from cookies and pastries when freezing portions of fresh

meat or poultry. The meat pieces will lie flat and slip into freezer bags more easily on

trays and when the meat is defrosting the tray will hold the juices.

# Use plastic trays in place of paper plates for picnics.

# Put trays under baked goods you give as gifts or under plants to catch drips.

Polystyrene packing chips

# Reuse packing chips for mailing parcels.

# Return packing chips to the supplier for reuse.

# Find out if a local pottery or electronics store is looking for chips to reuse.

# Substitute air-popped popcorn for polystyrene packing chips.

Quilts

# Use fabric scraps from old clothes to make quilted pot holders, placemats, vests, tote bags,

and baby blankets.

Rental partyware

# Rent all the dishes and serving equipment needed for your special event instead of buying

disposables.

Sand boxes

# Use the sand box your children have outgrown to make a vegetable or flower garden.

Scrap paper

# Cut up pieces of paper already used on one side and keep them in a box by the phone.

# Write out a grocery list on an old envelope and put redeemable coupons inside.

# Cover the address on an old envelope and use the envelope again.

Soap chips

# Make a soapy scrubber. Place small bits of leftover soap into a square of nylon netting, fold

the netting so there are several layers around the soap, then tuck in all the edges with

heavy thread. Use for scrubbing collar stains or cleaning hands after gardening or painting.

Shopping bags

# Take a canvas shopping bag or plastic carrier bags when you go shopping.

Shower curtains

# Clean and disinfect an old shower curtain by soaking it for a couple of hours in a bathtub

filled with warm water and vinegar.

# Use it as a tablecloth for the picnic table.

# Use an old shower curtain as a drop cloth when you are painting, or as a ground sheet

under your tent or sleeping bags.

# Use a shower curtain to make an apron for really messy jobs.

Tablecloths and sheets

# Cut and hem pieces of old tablecloths and sheets to make lint-free kitchen towels.

# Cut large cloths and sheets into runner-sized pieces and add decorative trim.

# Use tablecloths and sheets to make curtains, placemats, tea cozies, serviettes, aprons, or

laundry bags.

# Replace worn window shade fabric with a piece from an old plastic tablecloth. Cut the

plastic to fit, hem the bottom, then staple and glue to the roller.

Telephone books

# Use last year's telephone book to make a reference file for the car. Cut out maps and

frequently called numbers and put them in a folder. Recycle the remainder of the book.

# Put last year's Yellow Pages in the car for reference.

Tie racks

# Use an old tie rack under your kitchen sink for holding brushes, spoons, utensils, towels,

and cloths.

Utensils

# Use old kitchen utensils in your picnic basket, or in the garden.

# Let children have old kitchen utensils for playing house or playing house or digging in dirt

and sand.

Vases

# Return vases to florist shops or donate them to thrift stores.

# Buy vases at garage sales and fill with flowers for gift giving.

Vinyl Flooring

# Use vinyl flooring remnants to line your pots and pans cupboard or to protect a floor in a

heavy traffic area.

Watches

# Use old watch parts to make costume jewelry.

Yogurt Containers

# Cut the bottom out of a yogurt container and place it around delicate plants to protect them

in the spring.

List of institutes dealing with various Environmental issues

he list below is a representative of those institutes that are situated in the central and southern part of the country , apart from the big nationwide factories such as Amnir in Hadera and other companies that are not represented in the south.

All purposes :

1.Miterany center for Desert research , Sde Boker. 07-6565073

Cement factories

1. The research center for quarry engineering. The Technion Institute Haifa 04-8293577

Paper & Cardboard recycling

1. Amnir, Hadera. Tel : 06-349580, Fax 06-333104

2. Lavnir, Kiriat Gat. Tel : 07-811263

3. Sagiv, Ofakim. Tel : 07-922555

4. Tamam – Recycling enterprises, Ofakim. Tel : 07-9600078

Metal , Steel & Aluminum

1. Metek- Metal technology. Ramat Hovav. Tel : 07-6572333

2. Halom – Metal Recycling,, Ako. Tel : 04-9853802 Fax : 04-9853843

3. Ordan, Netanya. Tel : 09627477

4. Alotrem _ Aluminum recycling, Mishor Edumim. Tel : 02-352731. Fax : 02352732.

Oil recycling

1. Masor-Schiffer , used oil collection, Raanana. Tel : 09443534. Fax : 09444054.

2. Dalkol, used oil collection. Lod. Tel : 177-022-7266, 08-9270886. Fax : 089247072

Batteries & Cables

1. Volkan, Industrial zone Tefen. Tel : 04-9872205. Fax : 049872672.

Lead

1. Hakurnass, Recycling lead bateries, metal waste, Solphur waste, Acidic waste.. Ashdod.

Tel : 08-8567741 . Fax : 08-8567316

Textile

1. Rozenkrants, Tel-Aviv. Tel : 03-6821662, 6833553. Fax : 03-6823685.

Wood

1. The company for Environment. Beit – Ytshak. Tel : 09-882-6464 Fax : 09-8612646

Plastic

1. Aviv. Tel – Aviv. Tel : 03-5101391.

2. Amnir. Hadera. Tel : 06-341989. Fax : 06-349516.

3.Ardan. Migdal – Haemek. Tel : 06-441762.

Glass

1. Fenizia. Yerucham. Tel : 07-590251.

Toxic Waste

1. Tabib. Petach-Tikva. Tel : 03-9309670.Water consumption in the Melon field

(Qubic meter per year)

: water consumption comparison in Kibbuts ketora mellon field

Monthly water consumption comparison in the mellon field

(Qubic meter per month)

08/02/2012

From the past – energy and environment view in 2001

Energy and the Environment

News Updates

Editor: David Sugarman

April 2001 Edition

Climate Change 9

MORE SPECIES DECLINE LINKED TO CLIMATE CHANGE 9

CLIMATE TALKS CHIEF OFFERS NEW GLOBAL WARMING PLAN 9

EU DETERMINED ON CLIMATE DEAL WITH OR WITHOUT U.S. 9

U.N. CLIMATE REPORT CLARIFIES 'SINKS' 9

CLIMATE CHANGE MAY BE DEADLY FOR AMPHIBIANS 10

MOON SHEDS LIGHT ON CLIMATE CHANGE ON EARTH 10

CALCULATE YOUR PERSONAL GLOBAL WARMING IMPACT ONLINE 10

GLOBAL WARMING IS MELTING AUSTRALIA'S ALPINE SNOW 10

WARMING THREATENS BUILDINGS IN THE ARCTIC 10

WARMING OCEANS PORTEND DESTRUCTIVE EL NINO 11

UK WEATHER EXPERT CRITICIZES GOVERNMENT ON GLOBAL WARMING 11

BIODIVERSITY GIVES CARBON SINKS A BOOST 11

Climate Change Central to Sponsor Alberta GHG Emissions Trading Simulation 11

Europe Vs the USA on Kyoto Protocol 12

EU World Trip Confirms U.S. Isolation on Kyoto 12

GLOBAL WARMING TREATY ISN'T COMPLETE WITHOUT U.S. 12

NEW CLIMATE PROPOSALS AIM TO APPEASE USA 13

U.S. CLIMATE STANCE TRIGGERS BOYCOTT THREATS 13

EPA MANAGER GIVES EUROPE NO JOY ON CLIMATE PROTOCOL 13

CANADA FIRM IN SUPPORT OF CLIMATE TREATY 13

Europe Will Ratify Kyoto Protocol Without the USA 14

WORLD LEADERS URGE BUSH TO RETHINK GLOBAL WARMING 14

EUROPE WILL RATIFY KYOTO PROTOCOL WITHOUT THE USA 14

UN OFFERS TO ANSWER BUSH'S CLIMATE CHANGE DOUBTS 14

AUSTRALIA URGED NOT TO JOIN U.S. ON CLIMATE BACKFLIP 14

EUROPEAN ASSEMBLY BLASTS U.S. ON KYOTO PROTOCOL 15

CLIMATE BREAKDOWN PITS USA AGAINST THE WORLD 15

PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTALISTS SEEK U.S. GOODS BOYCOTT 15

UN CLIMATE HEAD URGES US NOT TO BLOCK KYOTO TREATY 15

JAPAN VOWS TO SUPPORT KYOTO PACT 16

Air Pollution 17

BUSH BACKS CLINTON EPA ON MERCURY 17

Australia Tackles Emissions With Cogeneration Boost 17

MONGOLIA DUST CLOUD MOVES ACROSS AMERICA 17

OZONE DEPLETION LESS THAN USUAL OVER NORTHERN HEMISPHERE 17

FOOT-AND-MOUTH PYRES CREATE DIOXINS 18

SMALL POWER PLANTS ARE BIG OZONE PRODUCERS 18

POWER PLANT LOCATION PLAYS ROLE IN SMOG FORMATION 18

Petroleum 19

FUEL, POWERTRAIN STUDY BACKS RENEWABLES 19

USED MOTOR OIL COLLECTION AND RECYCLING SITE 19

BIO-BASED INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS SITE 19

Power Production 20

EXPERTS SAY MORE ACTIONS NEEDED TO SOLVE CALIFORNIA CRISIS 20

BUSH COUNTS ON INDUSTRY'S CLEAN-COAL TECHNOLOGY 20

BioMass Energy Concepts to provide turnkey biomass-fueled cogeneration energy systems 20

The DoD fuel cell demo program: an overview 21

Green power turns brown in California 21

Power Plants 21

Combustion Data Acquisition System 21

Green Energy 22

GEOTHERMAL PLANT COULD POWER ENTIRE UK 22

NEW SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES EMERGE TO MEET ELECTRICITY DEMAND 22

New Website Offers Clean Energy Data, Facts, Employment Information 22

Renewables Can Bridge Poverty Gap, Says UN Team 23

Energy Efficiency 24

FUEL EFFICIENCY SLIGHTED IN CAR SHOW 24

Public Power Renewable Energy Action Team Launched 24

Water 25

CANNING RIVER CRISIS: OIL AND WATER DON'T MIX 25

AMERICA'S RIVERS RAVAGED BY ENERGY CONSUMPTION 25

Rivers Have Long Way to Flow to Meet New EU Law 25

A Better Way to Estimate Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs 26

Waste or conserve water: peril vs. prosperity 26

leaders brainstorm ways for water systems to sidestep summer energy crunch 26

Analyzing a new biological treatment process for wastewater 26

Sustainable Management For Dams And Waters 27

Findings may boost efforts to destroy pollutants in water with ultrasound 27

EPA announces new standard for arsenic in drinking water 27

MTBE: Effects on Soil and Groundwater Resources 27

Economy 28

WORLD'S RICHEST NATIONS URGE GREEN TAXES 28

HOW TO INVENTORY YOUR WASTES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE 28

EUROPE TACKLES HIGH COST OF ENERGY DEPENDENCY 28

BP Amoco Pays Big Bucks for Oil Spill in Small Kansas Town 28

A better way to estimate wastewater treatment plant costs 28

EPA announces $38 million for Brownfields cleanup 29

Health 29

Atomic Energy Agency describes Chernobyl's disastrous impact 29

Law & Policy 30

BUSH BUDGET SLASHES ENVIRONMENTAL, ENERGY EFFICIENCY 30

NEW ENERGY STANDARDS APPROVED 30

BUSH MAY PULL BACK ENERGY STANDARDS 30

ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE ISSUES FORCE CEMENT PLANT TO CLOSE 31

EPA ARSENIC EVALUATION MOVE CRITICIZED 31

POLLUTION LAWSUIT ESCALATES IN HOUSTON 31

BUSH ENERGY BUDGET BOOSTS FOSSIL FUELS, CUTS RENEWABLES 31

Arsenic in politics may be hazardous to health 31

Technology 32

Non-Chemical Water Treatment System 32

1.5 Megawatt Wind Turbine Gear Unit 32

Greater flexibility for states in vehicle emission control systems 32

Surfactant combinations for enhanced removal of contaminants 32

Pollution Control System Parts/Service 33

APT-4PFM Water Discharge System 33

Water Filtration System 33

Principles of Applied Reservoir Simulation 33

Aerosol Particle Profiler 33

Water Treatment Membrane Processes 34

DataRAM 4(TM) Dual-Wavelength Aerosol Monitor 34

Aerosol Particle Profiler 34

Carbon Dioxide Monitor 34

Information & Literature 35

Hazardous Waste Management, 2E 35

BUILDER DATABASE ON PVC ALTERNATIVES 35

Water and Wastewater Technology 35

Air Pollution Engineering Manual, 2E 35

MTBE: Effects on Soil and Groundwater Resources 36

Handbook of Public Water Systems, 2E 36

Industrial Water Pollution Control 36

Air Quality Web 36

Industrial Water Reuse and Wastewater Minimization 37

Industrial Biofouling: Detection, Prevention and Control 37

Sampling, Analysis and Monitoring Methods: A Guide to EPA and OSHA Requirements 37

Indoor Air Quality Handbook 37

Quality Assessment of Water and Wastewater 38

Petroleum Refining, 4th Edition 38

Resources of the Earth: Origin, Use, and Environmental Impact 38

Environmental Forensics 38

Manual of Applied Field Hydrogeology 39

EPA Special Feature 40

Brownfields 40

Arsenic in ground water 42

Other 44

TOXICS RELEASE REPORT HIGHLIGHTS PROGRESS, SETBACKS 44

Million dollar fines issued for Delaware and Nebraska companies 44

Climate Change

CLIMATE TALKS CHIEF OFFERS NEW GLOBAL WARMING PLAN

The head of the U.N. forum on global warming will on Thursday outline a new plan permitting industrialized countries to use forests and farmlands as carbon absorbing "sinks" in a bid to jump start talks to cut greenhouse gases. The United States triggered a global outcry last month by rejecting a treaty to curb global warming, forcing Jan Pronk, the current head the U.N. body and Dutch environment minister, to seek a compromise policy.

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04112001/reu_warming_42987.asp

EU DETERMINED ON CLIMATE DEAL WITH OR WITHOUT U.S.

The European Union has gathered strong support for pushing ahead with a 1997 deal to combat global warming, despite Washington's rejection of the pact, EU officials wrapping up a global tour said on Tuesday. Swedish Environment Minister Kjell Larsson said the special EU delegation had been encouraged by the response they received in China, Iran and Russia although Japan, where the Kyoto treaty was signed, appeared to be holding out hope for U.S. involvement.

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04102001/reu_climate2_42964.asp

U.N. CLIMATE REPORT CLARIFIES 'SINKS'

A Swedish government official gave the first clues on Tuesday as to the contents of a new U.N. environmental report intended to rescue world climate talks. The U.N. paper outlines how countries could meet targets to reduce greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) by counting their forests as "sinks" which absorb the CO2 emissions produced by human activity, the Swedish official leaked to Reuters.

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04102001/reu_climate_42962.asp

CLIMATE CHANGE MAY BE DEADLY FOR AMPHIBIANS

Researchers report finding a link between man-made climate changes and the alarming disappearance of amphibians. Global warming leads to changes in rainfall patterns, which in turn stress moisture-loving amphibians, leaving them vulnerable to deadly diseases the scientists said.

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04052001/upi_frog_42901.asp

MOON SHEDS LIGHT ON CLIMATE CHANGE ON EARTH

Studies of the moon conducted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Western Center for Global Environmental Change are giving scientists another tool to measure climate change on Earth.

http://enn.com/news/enn-stories/2001/04/04262001/moon_43224.asp

CALCULATE YOUR PERSONAL GLOBAL WARMING IMPACT ONLINE

The World Resources Institute has launched a Web site where visitors can calculate individual actions that contribute to global warming.

http://enn.com/news/enn-stories/2001/04/04242001/wri_43170.asp

GLOBAL WARMING IS MELTING AUSTRALIA'S ALPINE SNOW

In an early warning to the rest of the world, Australia's snowy alpine regions are shrinking and could disappear in 70 years because of global warming, Australian scientists say.

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04232001/reu_globalwarming_43195.asp

WARMING THREATENS BUILDINGS IN THE ARCTIC

Global warming could weaken the ice-soil mixture called permafrost in areas surrounding the Arctic Circle, leading to damage to buildings, pipelines, and electric generating stations, according to a study by a University of Delaware geographer and his colleagues, appearing in the April 19 issue of Nature. Large cities in Siberia and smaller ones in Alaska and Canada run the risk of being affected, Frederick Nelson, told United Press International.

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04192001/upi_warming_43140.asp

WARMING OCEANS PORTEND DESTRUCTIVE EL NINO

A progressive warming of tropical oceans, likely due to the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, is driving major climate changes observed in the Northern Hemisphere since 1950, according to a new study by two veteran American climate scientists.

http://enn.com/news/enn-stories/2001/04/04172001/oceans_43048.asp

UK WEATHER EXPERT CRITICIZES GOVERNMENT ON GLOBAL WARMING

A senior British meteorological official accused government ministers on Monday of undermining the country's efforts to combat global warming by making simplistic and uninformed remarks about its impact. Peter Ewins, chief executive of the Meteorological Office, was speaking in an interview with the Times newspaper at a time when Britain is pressing U.S. President George W. Bush to reverse his decision to pull out of the Kyoto accord to tackle global warming.

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04162001/reu_weather_43074.asp

BIODIVERSITY GIVES CARBON SINKS A BOOST

UPTON, New York, April 13, 2001 (ENS) – The more diverse an ecosystem, the better it can serve to absorb carbon dioxide – a potent greenhouse gas - from the atmosphere, a new study suggests. The research has important implications for ongoing international negotiations over the best way to address global climate change, and the role that so called carbon sinks should play.

http://ens.lycos.com/ens/apr2001/2001L-04-13-06.html

Climate Change Central to Sponsor Alberta GHG Emissions Trading Simulation

CALGARY, Canada, Apr. 27 -/E-Wire/– Climate Change Central announces a request for proposals for the delivery of an Emissions Trading Simulation that will allow Alberta organizations the opportunity to gain hands-on experience in trading greenhouse gases in a virtual trading environment.

http://www.climatechangecentral.com/

http://ens.lycos.com/e-wire/Apr01/27Apr0105.html

Europe Vs the USA on Kyoto Protocol

EU World Trip Confirms U.S. Isolation on Kyoto

A world trip undertaken by a European Union delegation following America's withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol has resulted in five key countries pledging firm support for the climate change negotiation process, according to team leader Kjell Larsson.

http://www.naturalist.com/newsletter/naturalist_daily/index.cfm?temp=detail&objectid=A841212F-8A42-4D5D-986C59AED8F0CA8E

http://ens.lycos.com/ens/apr2001/2001L-04-11-11.html

SUPPORT GROWING FOR CLIMATE DEAL WITHOUT U.S.

The European Union is gaining support from Russia, Asia and the developing world for pushing ahead with a 1997 deal on combating global warming that the United States has rejected, EU officials said on Monday. A delegation from the 15-country European bloc is in Japan on the last leg of a diplomatic tour to urge world powers to stick to the deal on cutting "greenhouse gases" that the White House threw out last month.

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04092001/reu_eu_42954.asp

GLOBAL WARMING TREATY ISN'T COMPLETE WITHOUT U.S.

A top Australian official said yesterday that no global warming agreement will be complete without the United States and that U.S. leadership is needed to craft a better treaty on the issue. "The United States is the key player," Australia's environmental minister, Robert Hill, said in Sydney before departing to join international talks on global warming at the United Nations in New York next week.

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04132001/krt_warming_43045.asp

NEW CLIMATE PROPOSALS AIM TO APPEASE USA

THE HAGUE, The Netherlands, April 12, 2001 (ENS) – The chairman of the United Nations climate negotiations, Dutch Environment Minister Jan Pronk, has offered a new set of compromise proposals on rules for the Kyoto Protocol that are aimed at persuading the United States to rejoin the process.

http://ens-news.com/ens/apr2001/2001L-04-12-03.html

U.S. CLIMATE STANCE TRIGGERS BOYCOTT THREATS

LONDON, United Kingdom, April 5, 2001 (ENS) – The USA's decision to abandon the Kyoto climate protocol is sparking a wave of calls from European environmentalists and Greens for consumers to take revenge on President George W. Bush by boycotting American firms.

http://ens-news.com/ens/apr2001/2001L-04-05-05.html

EPA MANAGER GIVES EUROPE NO JOY ON CLIMATE PROTOCOL

WASHINGTON, DC, April 4, 2001 (ENS) – The best reasons advanced by European environmental officials in Washington this week to reinterest the Bush administration in climate negotiations did not appear to be persuasive. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Christie Todd Whitman gave European environmental representatives little hope that the Bush administration would reconsider its decision not to support the Kyoto Protocol.

http://ens.lycos.com/ens/apr2001/2001L-04-04-06.html

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04042001/reu_bush_42881.asp

CANADA FIRM IN SUPPORT OF CLIMATE TREATY

OTTAWA, Ontario, Canada, April 4, 2001 (ENS) – Top European Union environmental officials seeking support for the Kyoto climate protocol met with a warmer reception in the Canadian capital today than they did in Washington on Monday and Tuesday.

http://ens.lycos.com/ens/apr2001/2001L-04-04-11.html

Europe Will Ratify Kyoto Protocol Without the USA

The 15 countries of the European Union will ratify the Kyoto climate protocol by 2002 with or without American participation, Swedish Environment Minister Kjell Larsson said this weekend.

http://k2.netaddress.com/tpl/Info/Popup?hidden___url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naturalist.com%2Fnewsletter%2Fnaturalist_daily%2Findex.cfm%3Ftemp%3Ddetail%26objectid%3D67AF2659-0754-437D-9744DDC6A304DA44

WORLD LEADERS URGE BUSH TO RETHINK GLOBAL WARMING

President George W. Bush, in a letter signed by 10 prominent people including former President Jimmy Carter and former Russian leader Mikhail Gorbachev, was urged to reconsider his administration's position regarding the Kyoto Protocol aimed at reducing gas emissions believed responsible for a warming of the planet.

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04032001/upi_globalwarming_42861.asp

EUROPE WILL RATIFY KYOTO PROTOCOL WITHOUT THE USA

KIRUNA, Sweden, April 2, 2001 (ENS) – The 15 countries of the European Union will ratify the Kyoto climate protocol by 2002 with or without American participation, Swedish Environment Minister Kjell Larsson said this weekend.

http://ens-news.com/ens/apr2001/2001L-04-02-03.html

UN OFFERS TO ANSWER BUSH'S CLIMATE CHANGE DOUBTS

NAIROBI, Kenya, April 2, 2001 (ENS) – In a clear reference to the United States, a high ranking United Nations official has asked those countries with doubts about the science behind climate change forecasts, to present them.

http://ens.lycos.com/ens/apr2001/2001L-04-02-10.html

AUSTRALIA URGED NOT TO JOIN U.S. ON CLIMATE BACKFLIP

Australia's conservative government came under pressure on Monday to reaffirm its commitment to the 1997 Kyoto protocol on greenhouse gas reductions after the United States abandoned the treaty.

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04022001/reu_climate_42849.asp

EUROPEAN ASSEMBLY BLASTS U.S. ON KYOTO PROTOCOL

The Council of Europe's Parliamentary Assembly questioned on Thursday whether the United States remains a "reliable partner" for Europe following President Bush's rejection of the Kyoto climate accord.

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04262001/ap_kyoto_43237.asp

CLIMATE BREAKDOWN PITS USA AGAINST THE WORLD

NEW YORK, New York, April 23, 2001 (ENS) – High level talks on the Kyoto climate protocol at the Waldorf Astoria hotel in New York over the weekend have confirmed global opposition to America's decision to abandon the deal in its current form.

http://ens-news.com/ens/apr2001/2001L-04-23-02.html

PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTALISTS SEEK U.S. GOODS BOYCOTT

South Pacific climate activists want a region-wide boycott of all U.S. goods to protest against President George W. Bush's decision to ditch the Kyoto protocol on global warming, a regional umbrella group said on Thursday. Stanley Simpson of the Fiji-based Pacific Concern Resource Center (PCRC) said the plan was to stage a repeat of a regional consumer boycott of French products organized after Paris resumed nuclear tests on South Pacific atolls in the mid-1990s.

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04202001/reu_pacific_43139.asp

UN CLIMATE HEAD URGES US NOT TO BLOCK KYOTO TREATY

The head of the U.N. forum on global warming urged the Bush administration Wednesday not to block the Kyoto climate change treaty designed to cut carbon dioxide emissions. Jan Pronk, current head of U.N. climate change negotiations and Dutch environment minister, said he would request that the United States not "block the agreement if other countries want to agree, and that is an important political request."

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04192001/reu_jan_43143.asp

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04182001/reu_climate_43116.asp

WORLD TO SLOW CLIMATE WORK AFTER U.S. MOVE

Norwegian Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg said on Tuesday that Norway and other nations would scale back work to combat global warming if the United States stuck to a refusal to join a global climate accord. "The key thing is to get international agreements everyone respects," he told NRK public radio, adding that the U.S. rejection of the so-called Kyoto accord "makes work in Norway and other countries more difficult."

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04172001/reu_climate_43090.asp

JAPAN VOWS TO SUPPORT KYOTO PACT

Japan's environment minister vowed to help achieve a world consensus in the fight against global warming but acknowledged that success would be difficult given U.S. opposition to the Kyoto climate treaty.

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04272001/reu_japan_43243.asp

Air Pollution

BUSH BACKS CLINTON EPA ON MERCURY

President Bush is siding with his Democratic predecessor on two air pollution issues, agreeing to regulate mercury emissions from coal-burning power plants and requiring cleaner diesel fuel and engines. Environmentalists expressed delight Tuesday that the Bush administration is asking a federal appeals court to uphold a Clinton-era plan on mercury pollution regulation.

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04112001/ap_mercury_42984.asp

Australia Tackles Emissions With Cogeneration Boost

Two new projects expected to reduce greenhouse emissions by more than three million tonnes over fives years have won A$26 million (US$12.84 million) in support from the Australian government's Greenhouse Gas Abatement Program.

http://k2.netaddress.com/tpl/Info/Popup?hidden___url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naturalist.com%2Fnewsletter%2Fnaturalist_daily%2Findex.cfm%3Ftemp%3Ddetail%26objectid%3D32185E16-B9E5-4C0C-8F6012E68BC6ABB9

MONGOLIA DUST CLOUD MOVES ACROSS AMERICA

An enormous dust cloud from Mongolia recently arrived in the western United States, causing concerns over air quality and air transportation, and proving that pollution is an international problem.

http://enn.com/news/enn-stories/2001/04/04252001/dustcloud_43203.asp

OZONE DEPLETION LESS THAN USUAL OVER NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

The destruction of the Earth's protective layer over the Northern Hemisphere has been less than usual in recent years, but is due to warmer temperatures rather than a drop in ozone-depleting chemicals, U.N. experts said on Tuesday.

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04242001/reu_ozone_43208.asp

FOOT-AND-MOUTH PYRES CREATE DIOXINS

Britain's foot-and-mouth pyres are creating more lethal pollutants than all the country's most toxic factories combined, The Independent reported Sunday.

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04232001/reu_dioxins_43189.asp

SMALL POWER PLANTS ARE BIG OZONE PRODUCERS

New research on ozone pollution has found that power plants can't be judged by size alone, scientists said Thursday.

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04272001/reu_powerplants_43241.asp

POWER PLANT LOCATION PLAYS ROLE IN SMOG FORMATION

BOULDER, Colorado, April 27, 2001 (ENS) – The United States needs to rethink its strategy for controlling ground level ozone or smog pollution, a new study suggests. The research by federal and university scientists suggests that programs to reduce harmful ozone produced by electric utility power plants could be improved by considering power plant emission rates and geographic location.

http://ens.lycos.com/ens/apr2001/2001L-04-27-06.html

Petroleum

FUEL, POWERTRAIN STUDY BACKS RENEWABLES

A study just released gives high marks to gasoline-derived fuels and fuel cell vehicles as the cleanest and most efficient combination of fuel and propulsion system for the near term. The study also found that hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicles are the best long-term solution.

http://www.greenbiz.com/news/news_third.cfm?NewsID=15441

USED MOTOR OIL COLLECTION AND RECYCLING SITE

A straightforward guide to motor oil recycling from the American Petroleum Institute. Essential for businesses using motor oil for equipment or fleet vehicles.

http://www.greenbiz.com/reference/webguide_record.cfm?LinkAdvID=10667

BIO-BASED INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS SITE

A straightforward site on bio-based industrial products, ranging from lubricants, functional fluids, and alternative fuels to plant-based plastics. Each product category lists manufacturers and ranks the products according to performance measurements and environmental attributes. The site also is a resource center on applicable laws and regulations.

http://www.greenbiz.com/reference/webguide_record.cfm?LinkAdvID=10628

U.S. DOT takes action to improve pipeline accident reporting

To enhance the performance of its safety mission, the U.S. Department of Transportation's (DOT) Research and Special Programs Administration (RSPA) has announced plans to lower the reporting threshold for hazardous liquid pipeline accidents from 50 barrels to 5 gallons, heightening the quantity, quality, and usefulness of reported accident information. A barrel is equal to 42 gallons.

http://www.pollutiononline.com/read/nl20010404/414856

Power Production

EXPERTS SAY MORE ACTIONS NEEDED TO SOLVE CALIFORNIA CRISIS

Even though California regulators approved the largest electricity rate hike in history — expected to bring in $7 billion in revenues — economists and energy experts say the increase is not enough to solve the state's energy crisis.

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04022001/krt_energy_42845.asp

BUSH COUNTS ON INDUSTRY'S CLEAN-COAL TECHNOLOGY

Take dirty old coal and smash it. Add water to make mud. Pour the mud into a 2,700-degree oven filled with pure oxygen. Voila, the coal mixture is transformed into a much cleaner-burning gas. "This is where the magic takes place," said Tom Berry, the former chief engineer at the $650 million prototype electric power plant here, which uses the process to light up nearby Walt Disney World. "This technology is amazing in what it will do down the road."

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04182001/krt_coal_43110.asp

BioMass Energy Concepts to provide turnkey biomass-fueled cogeneration energy systems

Advanced Recycling Equipment Company (St. Mary's, PA) and Revere Control Systems (Birmingham, AL) recently formed BioMass Energy Concepts BEC to provide turnkey biomass-fueled energy systems to a wide range of markets. The combined resources and expertise of the two partners will allow BEC to serve as a single-source for complete equipment packages for biomass energy systems.

http://www.poweronline.com/read/nl20010404/414910

The DoD fuel cell demo program: an overview

The Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL) is part of the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (USAERDC), which is the Army Corps of Engineers' integrated research and development (R&D) organization. One technical area of focus at CERL is energy and utilities systems for military installations. This article provides an overview of that work.

http://www.poweronline.com/read/nl20010408/415894

Green power turns brown in California

The California energy debacle has been well publicized. Reasons for the failure of deregulation in the Golden State vary, but fail it did.

http://www.poweronline.com/read/nl20010420/420864

Power Plants

Energy solutions. No matter where in the world your next project materializes, you will need a reliable, cost effective electrical energy source.

http://www.poweronline.com/read/nl20010420/420865

Combustion Data Acquisition System

The Combustion Data Acquisition System (CDAS) is designed to measure thermocouple inputs, analog signals, digital signals and frequency inputs.

http://www.poweronline.com/read/nl20010420/420870

Green Energy

GEOTHERMAL PLANT COULD POWER ENTIRE UK

Britain could be powered by just one massive underground geothermal power station if ambitious plans unveiled Wednesday by a group of scientists reach fruition.

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04262001/reu_energy_43231.asp

NEW SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES EMERGE TO MEET ELECTRICITY DEMAND

GOLDEN, Colorado, April 24, 2001 (ENS) – A longstanding efficiency recordfor electricity produced by solar cells made from cadmium telluride has been broken by researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).

http://ens-news.com/ens/apr2001/2001L-04-24-08.htm

New Website Offers Clean Energy Data, Facts, Employment Information

WASHINGTON, DC, Apr. 23 -/E-Wire/– Renewable Energy Policy Project (REPP-CREST) announced today the launch of a new resource website for journalists, business, government and the public on energy issues. First launched in 1994, the redesigned site, www.crest.org, provides information about renewable energy and energy efficiency for visitors ranging frombeginner to expert. Crest.org is powered by solar energy and is hosted by REPP-CREST's community partner, SolarHost.

mkcampbell@repp.org tjones@repp.org http://www.crest.org/

http://ens.lycos.com/e-wire/Apr01/23Apr0101.html

Renewables Can Bridge Poverty Gap, Says UN Team

Harnessing the sun's rays to produce renewable energy with little or no pollution sounds good in theory but when a solar panel costs about $700, it can be expensive, particularly for developing countries.

A panel of environmental specialists met at United Nations headquarters Wednesday to discuss ways of working out the barriers to the use of renewable energies.

http://k2.netaddress.com/tpl/Info/Popup?hidden___url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naturalist.com%2Fnewsletter%2Fnaturalist_daily%2Findex.cfm%3Ftemp%3Ddetail%26objectid%3DAEB724E4-47DE-4D88-8EE0970D1CCDAC6D

Energy Efficiency

FUEL EFFICIENCY SLIGHTED IN CAR SHOW

The brushed aluminum letters, each more than a foot high, promise much more than just a car: "Freedom," "Serenity," and "Adventure," is what Ford is selling at this year's New York International Auto Show. Nary a word though about something far more mundane: fuel efficiency.

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04122001/ap_fuel_43006.asp

Public Power Renewable Energy Action Team Launched

Non-Profit Center for Resource Solutions Assumes Management Responsibilities

SAN FRANCISCO, CA, Apr. 3 -/E-Wire/– Municipal utilities in Californiahave come together behind renewable resources. Volatile electricity market share making renewable energy increasingly cost-effective, and a team of municipal utilities plans to deploy renewable resources as a means to ensure the continued competitiveness of public power. The Center for Resource Solutions (CRS), a non-profit organization based in San Francisco, has assumed management and organizational responsibilities for the group, which is called the Public Power Renewable Energy Action Team (PPREAT). Key supporters of PPREAT include the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, City of Anaheim, Northern California Power Agency and many other municipal utilities in California.

kbolding@resource-solutions.org kirkbrown@resource-solutions.org/

http://ens.lycos.com/e-wire/Apr01/03Apr0101.html

Water

CANNING RIVER CRISIS: OIL AND WATER DON'T MIX

Often left out of the environmental discussion over the impact of oil exploration in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is the effect that drilling could have on the region's scarce supply of water. Part Two of a two-part series on America's endangered rivers.

http://enn.com/news/enn-stories/2001/04/04132001/canning_42999.asp

AMERICA'S RIVERS RAVAGED BY ENERGY CONSUMPTION

America's rivers may be the first to feel the effects of the country's energy crisis, according to a report.

http://enn.com/news/enn-stories/2001/04/04122001/endriv_42972.asp

http://ens.lycos.com/ens/apr2001/2001L-04-11-06.html

Rivers Have Long Way to Flow to Meet New EU Law

Habitat destruction and pollution from industry and agriculture have left many of Europe's rivers needing to be revived in order to meet new European Union water standards, according to research by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).

"Although heavy pollution in Europe’s rivers is reduced, most European rivers are far from achieving their ecological potential," said Jane Madgwick, head of WWF’s European Freshwater Programme.

http://k2.netaddress.com/tpl/Info/Popup?hidden___url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naturalist.com%2Fnewsletter%2Fnaturalist_daily%2Findex.cfm%3Ftemp%3Ddetail%26objectid%3D1EC23D6D-28E5-4F27-9CB2AE8A0DB7DDF9

http://www.wwffreshwater.org/wwi/phase1/overview.html

http://ens.lycos.com/ens/apr2001/2001L-04-25-10.html

A Better Way to Estimate Wastewater Treatment Plant Costs

HAMILTON, ONTARIO, Canada, Apr. 30 -/E-Wire/– Hydromantis, Inc. announced the release of software named CapdetWorks for the design and costing of wastewater treatment plants. CapdetWorks is a planning level design and costing tool that allows the user to drag-and-drop unit processes to build a wastewater treatment plant schematic, automatically calculate a design and then estimate the cost to build, operate and maintain the facility.

smith@hydromantis.com/ http://www.hydromantis.com/

http://ens.lycos.com/e-wire/Apr01/30Apr0104.html

Waste or conserve water: peril vs. prosperity

What choices we make to better manage water will become a direct indicator of our future peril or prosperity. Worldwide, large governments subsidize $33 billion dollars each year to keep water prices down. This trend will change.

http://www.wateronline.com/read/nl20010402/414131

leaders brainstorm ways for water systems to sidestep summer energy crunch

Heeding U.S. Energy Secretary Spencer Abraham's prediction that summer power blackouts are inevitable in California, leaders from water, energy, utility, air quality and emergency services crafted an action plan to deal with the impacts of a power crunch on regional water systems.

http://www.wateronline.com/read/nl20010402/414141

Analyzing a new biological treatment process for wastewater

Removal of nitrate, selenium, perchlorate or other parameters from wastewater to meet discharge limits is often problematic and costly. An effective yet simple process, the Anoxic Biotreatment Cell, provides an engineered treatment system–more reliable than passive treatment, yet less expensive than conventional biological or physical/chemical options.

http://www.wateronline.com/read/nl20010406/415423

Sustainable Management For Dams And Waters

Sustainable Management of New England Waters and Dams of the Americas was written to encourage engineers and planners who work on water projects to add another dimension to their understanding of water — the dimension of aquatic biology and ecology.

http://www.wateronline.com/read/nl20010416/419146

Findings may boost efforts to destroy pollutants in water with ultrasound

Engineers at Purdue University, in an effort to develop an effective system that uses ultrasound to clean polluted water, have pinpointed the frequency that degrades certain kinds of pollutants most efficiently. The findings could be used to design better ultrasonic systems for destroying pollutants in water, said Inez Hua, an associate professor of civil engineering.

http://www.pollutiononline.com/read/nl20010424/422432

EPA announces new standard for arsenic in drinking water

EPA Administrator Christie Whitman says that she is moving forward on a protective standard to dramatically reduce levels of arsenic in drinking water. The new standard, once established, will take effect at the same time that the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) previous proposal was scheduled to go into place — 2006.

http://www.pollutiononline.com/read/nl20010424/422433

MTBE: Effects on Soil and Groundwater Resources

Written by an expert team of scientists, engineers, and toxicologists, MTBE: Effects on Soil and Ground-Water Resources provides complete in-depth coverage of the assessment and potential remediation strategies of methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE).

http://www.wateronline.com/read/nl20010424/422501

Economy

WORLD'S RICHEST NATIONS URGE GREEN TAXES

PARIS, France, April 9, 2001 (ENS) – Industrialized countries should launch a coordinated program to remove environmentally damaging subsidies and introduce environmental taxes, according to a new report by an organization that represents the world's richest nations.

http://ens-news.com/ens/apr2001/2001L-04-09-03.html

HOW TO INVENTORY YOUR WASTES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE

The Pacific Northwest Pollution Prevention Resource Center's big guide gives businesses the skinny on waste. Check out sections on how to reduce your operating and environmental compliance costs, improve your company's image, and improve your employees' safety on the job.

http://www.greenbiz.com/toolbox/tools_third.cfm?LinkAdvID=4015

EUROPE TACKLES HIGH COST OF ENERGY DEPENDENCY

BRUSSELS, Belgium, April 25, 2001 (ENS) – The European Commission is proposing a new law that would improve the energy efficiency of new and existing buildings within the 15 member European Union.

The building sector is estimated to be responsible for 40 percent of the European Union's energy consumption. Most of that energy is used for heat, light, hot water and air conditioning.

http://ens.lycos.com/ens/apr2001/2001L-04-25-11.html

A better way to estimate wastewater treatment plant costs

A new program called CapdetWorks is a planning level design and costing tool that allows the user to drag-and-drop unit processes to build a wastewater treatment plant schematic, automatically calculate a design and then estimate the cost to build, operate and maintain the facility.

http://www.wateronline.com/read/nl20010416/418901

BP Amoco Pays Big Bucks for Oil Spill in Small Kansas Town

BP Amoco has agreed to pay a $804,700 civil penalty for a 1994 oil spill into the Marais des Cygnes River by ARCO Pipeline Company (ARCO) which it purchased last year.

The 162,500 gallon oil spill disrupted the water supply to the small town of Osawatomie, Kansas for 38 days in January of 1994. Osawatomie, population about 4,500, is 50 miles southwest of Kansas City.

http://k2.netaddress.com/tpl/Info/Popup?hidden___url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naturalist.com%2Fnewsletter%2Fnaturalist_daily%2Findex.cfm%3Ftemp%3Ddetail%26objectid%3D6D6D6306-5B1F-478B-A8A47F4D8BFC613C

http://ens-news.com/ens/apr2001/2001L-04-23-03.html

EPA announces $38 million for Brownfields cleanup

More than 90 communities around the United States will share $38 million earmarked for Brownfields assessment and cleanup. "This year we've included provisions for the evaluation, protection and preservation of 'greenspace' — parks, playgrounds, trails, gardens, habitat restoration, and open space," said EPA Administrator Christie Whitman.

http://www.pollutiononline.com/read/nl20010424/422429

Health

Atomic Energy Agency describes Chernobyl's disastrous impact

When the news of an accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant came out, it shocked the world. The accident was by far the most devastating in the history of nuclear power, and the people of the region continue to live with its consequences.

http://www.pollutiononline.com/read/nl20010430/423833

Law & Policy

BUSH BUDGET SLASHES ENVIRONMENTAL, ENERGY EFFICIENCY

WASHINGTON, DC, April 10, 2001 (ENS) – Though you cannot tell from the glowing reviews provided by White House Cabinet members, President George W. Bush's first federal budget would slash funding for environmental programs, energy conservation and agricultural preservation. The budget met praise from industry and Congressional Republicans, but was roundly condemned by environmental and public interest groups, as well as Congressional Democrats.

http://ens.lycos.com/ens/apr2001/2001L-04-10-06.html

http://k2.netaddress.com/tpl/Info/Popup?hidden___url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naturalist.com%2Fnewsletter%2Fnaturalist_daily%2Findex.cfm%3Ftemp%3Ddetail%26objectid%3D93E07D99-9852-4AE6-9C39449241A51180

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04102001/reu_budget_42971.asp

NEW ENERGY STANDARDS APPROVED

New efficiency standards approved by the Bush administration are expected to save billions of dollars in energy costs but significantly increase prices of new washing machines and water heaters. Improved washing machines will cut water use nationwide by 10.5 trillion gallons by 2030 and save $15.3 billion in electricity costs. That's enough to light all U.S. homes for more than four years, the Energy Department estimates.

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04132001/ap_energy_43043.asp

BUSH MAY PULL BACK ENERGY STANDARDS

The Bush administration is close to deciding whether to roll back standards issued in the last days of the Clinton presidency requiring new home central air conditioners and heat pumps to use less electricity and natural gas. The decision, on the heels of rolling electricity blackouts in California and President Bush's declaration of an "energy crisis," also could result in rescinding new efficiency standards for clothes washers and water heaters, Energy Department spokesman Joe Davis said Wednesday.

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04052001/ap_energy_42902.asp

ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE ISSUES FORCE CEMENT PLANT TO CLOSE

CAMDEN, New Jersey, April 24, 2001 (ENS) – In a precedent setting environmental justice decision, a federal judge has halted operations at a New Jersey cement plant, saying toxic emissions from the facility would harm nearby residents and violate their civil rights. The plant was officially dedicated last March by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Christie Whitman, then New Jersey's governor.

http://ens.lycos.com/ens/apr2001/2001L-04-24-06.html

EPA ARSENIC EVALUATION MOVE CRITICIZED

Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Christie Whitman called Wednesday for a study of a three to 20 parts per billion standard for arsenic in drinking water as a step forward to lowering the current 50 parts per billion standard – a move criticized by environmental groups as opening the door to shifting the allowable level upward from the 10 parts per billion standard attempted by the Clinton administration.

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04192001/upi_aresnic_43132.asp

POLLUTION LAWSUIT ESCALATES IN HOUSTON

The list of potential combatants is getting longer for a looming legal battle over air pollution and road-building in the Houston area.

http://enn.com/news/wire-stories/2001/04/04272001/krt_houston_43242.asp

BUSH ENERGY BUDGET BOOSTS FOSSIL FUELS, CUTS RENEWABLES

President George W. Bush's proposed federal budget, would put America's alternative and renewable energy sectors on a diet while providing a glut of funding for fossil fuel development.

http://enn.com/news/enn-stories/2001/04/04302001/bushenergy_43274.asp

Arsenic in politics may be hazardous to health

Reaction to the announcement that the Clinton-era arsenic rule would be reviewed was predictable. Arsenic is one of the most polarizing issues, even for water suppliers. Columnist Fred Pontius discusses the issues at stake.

http://www.wateronline.com/read/nl20010424/422386

Technology

Non-Chemical Water Treatment System

Pure*Treat is a non-chemical water treatment system which helps eliminate bacteriological fouling, contamination and hardwater scale build-up. Environmental friendly and non-polluting, this system is for all types of recirculating water processes. — Baker Hydro Flitration, Inc., Augusta, GA.

http://www.pollutiononline.com/read/nl20010402/414119

1.5 Megawatt Wind Turbine Gear Unit

The most efficient, natural way to harness wind power just got better with the introduction of The Cincinnati Gear Group's 1.5 Megawatt Wind Turbine Gear Unit. — Cincinnati Gear Company, Cincinnati, OH.

http://www.poweronline.com/read/nl20010402/413971

Greater flexibility for states in vehicle emission control systems

In an effort to provide states with greater flexibility, EPA is phasing in on-board diagnostic (OBD) testing requirements for passenger vehicles. The OBD system is designed to trigger the "check engine" light if the vehicle's pollution control devices are not functioning properly.

http://www.pollutiononline.com/read/nl20010410/416581

Surfactant combinations for enhanced removal of contaminants

This article gives an overview of results obtained in recent years working on selection of surface-active additive combinations for different purposes, including surfactant combinations for the hydraulic in-situ remediation of soils, for the stimulation of biodegradation, several surfactant formulations with high extraction efficiency for different contaminants, and special additives for the enhanced washing of tar contaminated soils, as well as the development of a two-step bioreactor process for removal of contaminants with low bioavailability.

http://www.pollutiononline.com/read/nl20010410/416606

Pollution Control System Parts/Service

Offering a complete service program to repair, maintain, rebuild, and upgrade air pollution control systems, this company can work with clients to make sure that the equipment continues to comply with emission regulations. The preventive maintenance program can help keep equipment running by spotting problems before they become emergencies. — McGill AirClean Corp., Columbus, OH.

http://www.pollutiononline.com/read/nl20010416/418922

APT-4PFM Water Discharge System

The APT-4PFM Wastewater Discharge System has been designed as a unit for fully automatic, unattended operation that solves difficult wastewater discharge problems for both marine and industrial applications. Larger sizes are available. — Advanced Pollution Control Technology, Inc., Jersey City, NJ.

http://www.pollutiononline.com/read/nl20010416/393786

Water Filtration System

The "RFV 4000" filtration skid from SMI Companies, Franklin, Louisiana, USA, is comprised of ASME code-certified vessels containing cartridge type filtration media. The vessel configuration and manifolding allows for an output of 4000 GPM of high quality "polished" water with back up system redundancy for continuous operation.

http://www.oilandgasonline.com/read/nl20010418/420096

Principles of Applied Reservoir Simulation

Author: John R. Fanchi

This book and its accompanying CD offer users a fully functioning reservoir simulator. Together, they provide a hands-on introduction to the process of reservoir modeling and show how to apply reservoir simulation technology and principles…

http://www.oilandgasonline.com/read/nl20010418/420093

Water Treatment Membrane Processes

Water Treatment Membrane Processes, by the American Water Works Association Research Foundation, enables you to use membrane filtration methods for purifying drinking water — and utilize new research for wastewater treatment.

http://www.wateronline.com/read/nl20010418/420149

DataRAM 4(TM) Dual-Wavelength Aerosol Monitor

The DataRAM 4(TM) dual-wavelength aerosol monitor continuously measures, displays, and logs the concentrations and sizes of airborne particulates. Ideal for mobile, duct, stack, or ambient monitoring for safety, research, or regulatory compliance. — MIE Inc., Bedford, MA.

http://www.pollutiononline.com/read/nl20010420/420745

Aerosol Particle Profiler

The 531 aerosol particulate monitor combines hand-held portability with highly precise measurements, and can be configured as either a particle counter or particulate mass monitor. Using a laser-diode-based optical sensor, the 531 uses light scatter technology to detect, size, and count particles (larger than 0.5 microns). — Met One Instruments Inc., Grants Pass, OR.

http://www.pollutiononline.com/read/nl20010424/419929

Carbon Dioxide Monitor

Thermo GasTech, Newark, California, USA, a leading supplier of gas detection products, is introducing its new Model IAQ C02 Monitor. The Model IAQ C02 instrument measures carbon dioxide concentrations in the parts per million (ppm) range (0 – 5000).

http://www.hydrocarbononline.com/read/nl20010427/414845

Information & Literature

Hazardous Waste Management, 2E

Author: Michael LaGrega, et al.

This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the complex, interdisciplinary field of hazardous waste management, with thoroughly updated information on the most current methods of treatment, disposal, and site remediation.

http://www.pollutiononline.com/read/nl20010402/414205

BUILDER DATABASE ON PVC ALTERNATIVES

Greenpeace has launched a new international database that helps builders choose environmentally friendly alternatives to PVC products. The PVC Alternatives Database features more than 200 products from companies based in 17 countries that avoid the use of polyvinyl chlorides (PVCs), which have been linked to a range of health problems.

http://www.greenbiz.com/news/news_third.cfm?NewsID=15850

Water and Wastewater Technology

Mark J. Hammer

In this new edition, readers will benefit from a review of the disciplines that have specific application in water supply and wastewater management. The introductory chapters cover relevant principles from chemistry, biology, hydraulics, and hydrology…

http://www.wateronline.com/read/nl20010402/414215

Air Pollution Engineering Manual, 2E

From: Air & Waste Management Association

This comprehensive manual has long been recognized as an important source of information on air pollution control issues for industries affected by the Clean Air Act and regulations in other countries. It is thoroughly updated to reflect the latest emission factors and control measures for reducing air pollutants…

http://www.oilandgasonline.com/read/nl20010404/414703

MTBE: Effects on Soil and Groundwater Resources

Author: James J Jacobs

http://www.pollutiononline.com/read/nl20010404/414706

Handbook of Public Water Systems, 2E

Public water systems deliver high-quality water to the public. They also present a vast array of problems, from pollution monitoring and control to the fundamentals of hydraulics and pipe fitting.

http://www.wateronline.com/read/nl20010404/408569

Industrial Water Pollution Control

Author: W. Eckenfelder, Jr.

This classic text is intended for the student in courses related to industrial water pollution control, as well as a guide for someone in the industry. It is very strong on biological treatment and reflects better than any other book actual industrial treatment practices…

http://www.pollutiononline.com/read/nl20010406/415795

Air Quality Web

The Air Quality Web News Pages are focused on providing you the most up to date information about the air pollution control industry. Daily news updates keep you informed about important events. — MacDonald Consulting, Playa Del Rey, CA.

http://www.pollutiononline.com/read/nl20010410/416600

Industrial Water Reuse and Wastewater Minimization

Author: James Mann, et al.

Money-saving water strategies for industry. In the U.S. alone, process industries, petrochemicals, pulp and paper, metals and minerals, and many others will generate over 120 million tons of wastewater by the year 2000. This book describes water reuse and wastewater minimization principles and practices that can be used worldwide…

http://www.wateronline.com/read/nl20010410/416445

Industrial Biofouling: Detection, Prevention and Control

Author: Walker

Biofouling and biofilms are the terms used to describe the attachment of biological material to surfaces. A number of organisms including bacteria, protozoa, amoebae, fungi, barnacles and other organisms have been shown to form biofilms that create nuisances in man-made environments…

http://www.pollutiononline.com/read/nl20010418/420098

Sampling, Analysis and Monitoring Methods: A Guide to EPA and OSHA Requirements

Author: C.C. Lee, Ph.D.

An invaluable tool, Sampling, Analysis, and Monitoring Methods: A Guide to EPA and OSHA Requirements, simplifies the time-consuming process of searching through over 14,000 pages of Title 40 and 29 Code of Federal Regulations for new sampling, analysis…

http://www.chemicalonline.com/read/nl20010420/420938

Indoor Air Quality Handbook

By: John Spengler, et al.

This handbook brings you solutions to virtually any problem in the field. Leading U.S. and international experts help you to create and maintain safe and healthy environments in structures from hospitals to residences, and handle a range of questions from health and comfort effects and physiologic thresholds to ventilation measurement and employee programs…

http://www.safetyonline.com/read/nl20010420/420979

Quality Assessment of Water and Wastewater

This manual emphasizes the importance of water purity for drinking and domestic purposes, different types of water and their utilization in various activities, the water quality requirements and criteria of International and Governmental Agencies, and simple estimation procedures and the significance of each analytical test.

http://www.wateronline.com/read/nl20010420/420996

Petroleum Refining, 4th Edition

Author: James. H. Gary, et al.

Continuing the esteemed tradition and high standards set by earlier editions, Petroleum Refining, Fourth Edition summarizes the latest developments in oil refining processes–addressing topics ranging from basic applications to the implementation of viable operations meeting environmental and economic stipulations…

http://www.hydrocarbononline.com/read/nl20010423/408554

Resources of the Earth: Origin, Use, and Environmental Impact

Author: James R. Craig, et al.

Extensively illustrated, balanced, broad-based, and up-to-date, this book explores the nature and critical issues of all major types of earth resources — energy, metallic, nonmetallic, water, soil — and the impacts that resource usage has on the earth environment…

http://www.wateronline.com/read/nl20010423/421850

Environmental Forensics

Author: Robert Morrison

Offering state-of-the-art techniques for both attorneys and environmental scientists, this book discusses non-chemical methods such as corrosion modeling, inventory reconciliation, and aerial photography interpretation…

http://www.hydrocarbononline.com/read/nl20010427/210662

Manual of Applied Field Hydrogeology

Author: Willis Weight, et al.

Practicing field hydrogeology is challenging, but you'll be leagues ahead with the hands-on answers in this book. It provides plenty of practical examples to help you stay on top of what can go wrong, and prevent mishaps, injuries, and disasters; investigate contamination at hazardous waste sites safely and accurately…

http://www.pollutiononline.com/read/nl20010427/387394

EPA Special Feature

Brownfields

Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response – Brownfields

http://www.epa.gov/swerosps/bf/index.html

Brownfields are industrial and commercial land facilities that have been abandoned. Their development is complicated by environmental contamination.

The task of the EPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response Brownfields Program is redevelopment and reuse of brownfields. The site provides definition and mission statement of the program, projects and initiatives, tools, and contacts, as well as links to the EPA Regional Brownfields home pages and other sites that contain information on this subject.

Brownfields Redevelopment Initiative

http://bri.gsa.gov/brownfields/

The General Services Administration (GSA) started the Brownfields Redevelopment Initiative in 1997. Its purpose is to identify and reuse federal land properties. The GSA has targeted 39 different project locations chosen on the basis of the existing partnerships among federal, state, and local organizations already working on improvement of these communities. GSA's Brownfields redevelopment Initiative website contains online mapping where all areas of redevelopment can be viewed; library of their resources; related links to state project locations, GSA and other Brownfields information; and regional points of contact which are accessible either by telephone number or email.

The Brownfields Center – Carnegie Mellon University and The University of Pittsburgh

http://www.ce.cmu.edu/Brownfields/

The Brownfields Center (TBC) was founded to bring together multiple disciplines for the purpose of exploring potential benefits from revitalizing abandoned industrial locations. Researchers from the Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Pittsburgh have joined their forces to conduct studies aimed at brownfield development, urban infrastructure renewal, and economic development and to support the process of returning idle industrial sites to productive uses. The site contains announcements, projects, case studies and links to other topic-related sites. The program has its own newsletter available from the website.

The Great Lakes Regional Online Brownfields Information Network (ROBIN)

http://www.glc.org/robin/

ROBIN is a clearinghouse for information about brownfields cleanup and redevelopment in the binational Great Lakes region. Developed by the Great Lakes Commission as part of the Council of Great Lakes Governors Brownfields Project, ROBIN integrates information exchange for abandoned lands and their clean up and redevelopment. The organization's website provides links to other online resources on brownfields. The site also contains regional clean up programs, federal and state financing programs and organizations, technical assistance, case studies, and local initiatives that were undertaken.

Ground water

EPA – Office Of Ground Water & Drinking Water – Arsenic

http://www.epa.gov/safewater/arsenic.html

The 1996 amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act requires the EPA to revise the existing drinking water standard for arsenic. The EPA's Office of Ground Water & Drinking Water – Arsenic's website contains the latest information about the recent changes in the rulemaking efforts for this standard. As more information becomes available, the site will continue to be updated. The site also contains information about the history of the EPA's rulemaking efforts for this standard including the project plan, implementation guidelines, the proposed timeline, strategies, meeting summaries, upcoming events, Federal Register notices, and how the public can comment on the proposed regulations.

USGS Arsenic in ground water of the United States

http://co.water.usgs.gov/trace/arsenic/

Most arsenic found in ground water is a result of minerals that have dissolved from weathered rocks and soils. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has collected and analyzed arsenic levels from 18,850 wells in 595 counties across the United States. Arsenic concentrations in these wells are similar to those found in nearby public supplies, thus producing a more accurate view of arsenic concentrations. On the USGS's website, you can find a map created from this data that shows where and to what extent arsenic occurs in ground water across the country. The highest amounts were found in the West, but also in the Midwest and Northeast. The site also contains a fact sheet, an faq, and other publications and data on this map project as well as links for both arsenic and drinking water resources.

UC-Berkeley Arsenic Health Effects Research Program

http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~asrg/

The University of California, Berkeley's Arsenic Research Program is run by staff at the School of Public Health. The research done here began over ten years ago and originally focused on the risk of cancer. International projects are currently ongoing in Argentina, Chile, India, and Bangladesh.

In the United States, projects are ongoing in California and Nevada . Funding sources include the National Institutes for Environmental Health Sciences, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the California Cancer Research Program. The website contains information on the various research projects and findings, publications, and the researchers at UC-Berkeley as well other institutions in the US, Chile, Argentina, and India.

London Arsenic Group

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/geolsci/lag/as/index.htm

The London Arsenic Group, part of the Research School of Geological & Geophysical Sciences at University College London, is made up of a multi-disciplinary team from the fields of sedimentary geochemistry, hydrochemistry, environmental mineralogy and analytical geochemistry. Their goal is to understand the source, mobility, and fate, of arsenic in the environment. Besides information on the group's members and facilities, their website contains information on the group's publications, arsenic related meetings and conferences and the ubiquitous list of links.

West Bengal and Bangladesh Arsenic Crisis Information Centre

http://bicn.com/acic/

Currently in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India, millions of people are drinking ground water with arsenic levels much higher than the US EPA standard. The West Bengal and Bangladesh Arsenic Crisis Information Centre website strives to be a focal point for this crisis. Co-sponsored by the Dhaka Community Hospital Trust, School of Environment Studies, Jadavpur University, & water environment international, the site includes an "infobank" of publications about the crisis, discussion groups, a newsletter, and exhaustive lists of relevant articles, books, conference proceedings, brochures, newsletters, videos, and online links. ACIC membership is available for both organizations and individuals for a fee.

Other

TOXICS RELEASE REPORT HIGHLIGHTS PROGRESS, SETBACKS

WASHINGTON, DC, April 12, 2001 (ENS) – New toxic pollution data released Wednesday by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency show that ongoing industrial toxic pollution continues to affect American communities nationwide. Environmental and public interest groups say the data also demonstrate the need for better environmental protections.

http://ens.lycos.com/ens/apr2001/2001L-04-12-06.html

Million dollar fines issued for Delaware and Nebraska companies

UtiliCorp United Inc., of Delaware and PeopleService Inc., of Nebraska each pleaded guilty on March 15 to five counts of violating the Clean Water Act. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the two companies failed to ensure that employees filed accurate wastewater discharge monitoring reports. UtiliCorp was fined $1 million and PeopleService $100,000 following their guilty pleas.

http://www.pollutiononline.com/read/nl20010402/414093

08/02/2012

An ongoing dispute between local authorities in Israel may bring upon the next infrastructure disaster.

Written almost ten years ago…. but sadly relevant more than ever……

An ongoing dispute between local authorities in Israel may bring upon the next infrastructure disaster.

Although a drought still persists in the region occasion high intensive rains cause vast floods in various urban areas. In a recent flood in south Tel Aviv a young boy has drowned and died with no one to save him and many hundreds of people were evacuated from their homes.

Once in a few years this happens: flooding of neighborhoods, rescue boats (from various places – even Navy commando units) wondering around from one building to another and damage in millions. In addition the environmental damage caused by uncontrolled sewage and waste that reach the sea and various places causing further damage which can not always be reversed. In the last flood that took place in Tel Aviv the local sewage authority had to divert hundreds of thousands of untreated wastewater to the open sea in order to avoid a total collapse of the wastewater collection system and treatment plants. Thus not carrying out both local and national environmental laws. Huge traffic jams were created due to the flooding causing further environmental damage jus by the increase of exauhst emissions.

During and after the floods politicians and local governing officials are busy blaming the government and each other. It is the old story of the local authorities blaming the government and vise versa.

The fact of the matter is that there is a serious problem in the wastewater infrastructure of some of Tel Aviv’s neighborhoods and its satellite towns. Some of the water pipes are old and are not capable of handling huge amounts of rainfall – thus the system fails with the first major rains that take place. Various legal as well as financial and political reasons inhibit the promotion of modern projects. Infrastructure in a dense urban area such as the Tel Aviv area (known as “gush dan”) incorporates a few local authorities. Thus various legal aspects cause a delay in the development of infrastructure. In addition, the various authorities have their own agenda concerning the means and ways of spending their budget. Spending on infrastructure does not give immediate political dividends, thus very few policy makers are inclined to deal with it.

The Israeli government has been making a great effort through the development of a special wastewater authority (under the patronage of the water commission). The head of this authority (Mr Eli Ronen) is also the DDG for planning and policy at the Ministry of National Infrastructures (among others – in charge of the water sector). Thus the potential of promoting the development of wastewater infrastructure is high. The wastewater authority, in conjunction with the Water Commission are in the process of evaluating technically and economically various projects with the aim of improving wastewater and rainfall collection and treatment.

Yet some of the efforts are still fruitless. A big project aimed at collecting wastewater all along the inner part of the coastline cities and villages is being postponed due to political and legal dispute. The wastewater is being planned to be allocated to secondary use in the agricultural sector in the central and southern regions of the country. The total cost of the project is currently estimated at 60 million US$. The wastewater authority of the Tel Aviv urban area has contributed 10 million US$ but fails to get the contribution of other authorities. The government itself has not established yet its policy in terms of how much it will contribute towards the project. One of the reasons being national water policy and the cost of water production and allocation of water of various qualities to various sectors (for example- the farmers pay a considerable subsidised water price – and are backed by the Agricultural Ministry whereas the Ministry of Finance oposes this policy and is in the view that water should cost the true marginal cost of production and transfer).

It is worthwhile noting that this project was initiated in 1991, almost 10 years ago, and only in 8 months time will the planning part be over (due to the long debate). Once the planning part is over than the construction may begin (approx 2 years to complete).

Accomplishing the project is not in sight and so is the prospect of change in the poor and old neighborhoods and towns in the central region of Israel.

Philips and Matsushita – Strategic Analysis

Brief analysis of Harvard Business School case: Corning Incorporated a Network of Alliances (8/12/1992)

Benefits and drawbacks of creating a strategic alliance

Benefits -

Cons

b. Adequacy of Corning's strategy for partnerships

Introduction

1.3.1. Domestic water quality

1.3.2. Commercial water quality

2. Sampling and analytical methods

2.1. Water sample locality

2.2. Beer sample locality

2.3. Analytical methods

2.3.1. Chemical analysis

2.3.2. MinteqA2 reaction path modelling

3. Analysis Results

Lithium Li+

4. Discussion

EC mS/cm

5. Conclusions

7. Appendix A: Analytical methods

Israel`s Government Budget plan for 2001 approx. 60 billion US$

Sociological analysis of Kibbuts members behaviour towards environmental issues.

FINAL REPORT

Waste Management Survey Kibbutz Ketora 1996

The Kibbutz Work Branches

Agriculture Packing House

Lithium Li⁺